Abstract The sustainability of energy use in the residential sector has relevance for global initiatives to achieve sustainable development and limit climate change. Using the city of Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania, as a case study, we look at how national energy policy has influenced household cooking energy use between 1990 and 2018, and how energy policy could achieve further progress to realise national and global priorities. The study involved questionnaire surveys of households, retailers, transporters and producers of charcoal; semi-structured interviews with government officials and non-charcoal fuel suppliers; price data collection; a comparative analysis of prices and taxes for different cooking fuels; and policy and document review. Trends in energy policy and demand for different fuels, are compared. We find that Tanzania's national energy policies have focused on achieving an energy transition from biomass to electricity and fossil fuels, with an increasing focus on supply-side issues. Fiscal policy tools have been used effectively to reduce demand for kerosene, while increasing demand for liquefied petroleum gas. However, this has not resulted in a transition away from biomass, with most households using multiple fuels (fuel stacking). Charcoal remains the cheapest (excluding firewood) and most widely used fuel, reflecting the strong influence of price in consumer fuel choices. Energy policy needs to acknowledge the continued dominance of charcoal in urban energy use. In the context of rapid urbanisation and increased energy demand, there is a need for sustainable urban energy planning across a range of fuel types including charcoal, in ways that balance economic, social and environmental outcomes. Greater inter-sectoral coordination is needed to improve the sustainability of urban residential energy supplies.

中文翻译：

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能源政策对坦桑尼亚城市家庭木炭消费的影响

摘要 住宅部门能源使用的可持续性与实现可持续发展和限制气候变化的全球倡议有关。以坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆市为例，我们研究了 1990 年至 2018 年国家能源政策如何影响家庭烹饪能源使用，以及能源政策如何取得进一步进展以实现国家和全球优先事项。该研究涉及对家庭、零售商、运输商和木炭生产商的问卷调查；与政府官员和非木炭燃料供应商的半结构化访谈；价格数据收集；不同烹饪燃料的价格和税收的比较分析；以及政策和文件审查。比较了能源政策的趋势和对不同燃料的需求。我们发现坦桑尼亚' 国家能源政策的重点是实现从生物质到电力和化石燃料的能源转型，越来越关注供应方问题。财政政策工具已被有效地用于减少对煤油的需求，同时增加对液化石油气的需求。然而，这并没有导致摆脱生物质能的转变，大多数家庭使用多种燃料（燃料堆叠）。木炭仍然是最便宜（不包括木柴）和使用最广泛的燃料，这反映了价格对消费者燃料选择的强烈影响。能源政策需要承认木炭在城市能源使用中的持续主导地位。在快速城市化和能源需求增加的背景下，需要对包括木炭在内的一系列燃料类型进行可持续的城市能源规划，以平衡经济、社会和环境成果。需要加强跨部门协调，以提高城市住宅能源供应的可持续性。