Catastrophic events, such as volcanic eruptions, can have profound impacts on the demographic histories of resident taxa. Due to its presumed effect on biodiversity, the Pleistocene eruption of super‐volcano Toba has received abundant attention. We test the effects of the Toba eruption on the diversification, genetic diversity, and demography of three co‐distributed species of parachuting frogs (Genus Rhacophorus) on Sumatra. We generate target‐capture data (~950 loci and ~440,000 bp) for three species of parachuting frogs and use these data paired with previously generated double digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRADseq) data to estimate population structure and genetic diversity, to test for population size changes using demographic modelling, and to estimate the temporal clustering of size change events using a full‐likelihood Bayesian method. We find that populations around Toba exhibit reduced genetic diversity compared with southern populations, and that northern populations exhibit a shift in effective population size around the time of the eruption (~80 kya). However, we infer a stronger signal of expansion in southern populations around ~400 kya, and at least two of the northern populations may have also expanded at this time. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Toba eruption precipitated population declines in northern populations, but that the demographic history of these three species was also strongly impacted by mid‐Pleistocene forest expansion during glacial periods. We propose local rather than regional effects of the Toba eruption, and emphasize the dynamic nature of diversification on the Sunda Shelf.

中文翻译：

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苏门答腊跳伞青蛙（Rhacophorus）的鸟羽喷发和山地森林扩张对其多样化的影响。

火山爆发等灾难性事件可能会对居民分类单元的人口历史产生深远影响。由于其对生物多样性的假定影响，超级火山鸟羽的更新世喷发受到了广泛关注。我们测试了多羽喷发对三种同时分布的跳伞青蛙（Rhacophorus属）的多样性，遗传多样性和人口统计学的影响）在苏门答腊。我们为三种跳伞青蛙生成了目标捕获数据（约950个位点和约440,000 bp），并将这些数据与先前生成的双消化限制性位点相关DNA（ddRADseq）数据配对以估计种群结构和遗传多样性，以进行测试使用人口统计学建模进行人口规模变化，并使用完全似然贝叶斯方法估计规模变化事件的时间聚类。我们发现与南部的种群相比，鸟羽周围的种群遗传多样性降低，并且北部的种群在喷发时（〜80 kya）出现了有效种群规模的变化。但是，我们推断出约有400 kya左右的南部人口有更强的扩张信号，此时北部人口中至少有两个也已经扩张。综上所述，这些发现表明，北部地区的鸟羽喷发促使人口下降，但是这三个物种的人口历史也受到冰期中期更新世森林扩张的强烈影响。我们提出了鸟羽火山喷发的地方性影响，而不是区域性影响，并强调了da他架上多样化的动态性质。