There is a growing demand to protect food products against the hazard of microbes and their toxins. To satisfy such goals, it is important to develop highly sensitive, reliable, sophisticated, rapid, and cost-effective sensing techniques such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Although diverse forms of nanomaterials (NMs)-based electrochemical sensing methods have been introduced in markets, the reliability of commercial products is yet insufficient to meet the practical goal. In this review, we focused on: 1) sources of pathogenic microbes and their toxins; 2) possible routes of their entrainment in food, and 3) current development of NM-based biosensors to realize real-time detection of the target analytes. At last, future prospects and challenges in this research field are discussed.

人们越来越需要保护食品免受微生物及其毒素的危害。为了满足这些目标，重要的是开发高度灵敏，可靠，先进，快速且具有成本效益的传感技术，例如电化学传感器/生物传感器。尽管市场上已经引入了多种形式的基于纳米材料（NMs）的电化学传感方法，但是商用产品的可靠性仍不足以满足实际目标。在这篇综述中，我们着重于：1）病原微生物及其毒素的来源；2）诱使它们进入食物的可能途径，以及3）当前基于NM的生物传感器的开发，以实现目标分析物的实时检测。最后，讨论了该研究领域的未来前景和挑战。