The occurrence of antibiotics (ABs) in four types of commercially grown vegetables (lettuce leaves, tomato fruits, cauliflower inflorescences, and broad bean seeds) was analyzed to assess the human exposure and health risks associated with different agronomical practices. Out of 16 targeted AB residues, seven ABs belonging to three groups (i.e., benzyl pyrimidines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides) were above the method detection limit in vegetable samples ranging from 0.09 ng g⁻¹ to 3.61 ng g⁻¹ fresh weight. Data analysis (quantile regression models, principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis) showed manure application, irrigation with river water (indirect wastewater reuse), and vegetable type to be the most significant factors for AB occurrence in the targeted crops. Metabolites were detected in 70 of the 80 vegetable samples analyzed, and their occurrence was both plant- and compound-specific. In 73 % of the total samples, the concentration of AB metabolites was higher than the concentration of their parent compound. Finally, the potential human health risk estimated using the hazard quotient approach, based on the acceptable daily intake and the estimated daily intake, showed a negligible risk for human health from vegetable consumption. However, canonical-correspondence analysis showed that detected ABs explained 54 % of the total variation in AB resistance genes abundance in the vegetable samples. Thus, further studies are needed to assess the risks of antibiotic resistance promotion in vegetables and the significance of the occurrence of their metabolites.

分析了四种商业化蔬菜（莴苣叶，番茄果实，花椰菜花序和蚕豆种子）中抗生素（ABs）的存在，以评估人类接触和与不同农艺习惯相关的健康风险。在16种目标AB残基中，属于三组的7种AB（即苄基嘧啶，氟喹诺酮和磺酰胺）在方法检测极限范围内，范围从0.09 ng g ^-1到3.61 ng g ^-1新鲜的体重。数据分析（分位数回归模型，主成分和层次聚类分析）显示，施肥，使用河水灌溉（废水间接回用）和蔬菜类型是目标作物中AB发生的最重要因素。在所分析的80种蔬菜样品中，有70种检测到了代谢物，且代谢物的发生既具有植物特异性，也具有化合物特异性。在全部样品的73％中，AB代谢产物的浓度高于其母体化合物的浓度。最后，基于可接受的每日摄入量和估计的每日摄入量，使用危害商方法估算的潜在人类健康风险显示，食用蔬菜对人类健康的风险可忽略不计。然而，典范对应分析表明，检测到的AB可以解释蔬菜样品中AB抗性基因丰度总变化的54％。因此，需要进一步的研究来评估蔬菜中抗生素耐药性增强的风险以及其代谢产物发生的重要性。