4D printing is an emerging field in additive manufacturing of time responsive programmable materials. The combination of 3D printing technologies with materials that can transform and possess shape memory and self-healing capabilities means the potential to manufacture dynamic structures readily for a myriad of applications. The benefits of using multifunctional materials in 4D printing create opportunities for solutions in demanding environments including outer space, and extreme weather conditions where human intervention is not possible. The current progress of 4D Printable smart materials and their stimuli-responsive capabilities are overviewed in this paper, including the discussion of shape-memory materials, metamaterials, and self-healing materials and their responses to thermal, pH, moisture, light, magnetic and electrical exposures. Potential applications of such systems have been explored to include advancements in health monitoring, electrical devices, deployable structures, soft robotics and tuneable metamaterials.

4D打印是时间响应可编程材料的增材制造中的新兴领域。3D打印技术与可以变形并具有形状记忆和自我修复功能的材料的结合，意味着可以为众多应用轻松制造动态结构。在4D打印中使用多功能材料的优势为苛刻的环境（包括外太空和不可能人工干预的极端天气条件）中的解决方案创造了机会。本文概述了4D可打印智能材料的最新进展及其刺激响应能力，包括对形状记忆材料，超材料和自愈材料及其对热，pH，湿气，光，磁和热的响应的讨论。电气暴露。