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Cascading effects of predation risk under high organic and inorganic turbidity: impacts on individuals and shoals of a mesopredator fish
Aquatic Ecology ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s10452-020-09782-w
Bruno R. S. Figueiredo , Rafaela V. Granzotti , Leandro F. Fiori , Chelsey L. Nieman , Evanilde Benedito

We tested whether changes in water transparency caused either by precipitation-mediated sedimentation (inorganic turbidity) or eutrophication (organic turbidity) differently interact with top predator presence to determine predation rates, and individual decisions of mesopredators between foraging and avoiding predators. We tested the hypothesis that fear-induced cascade effects are more pronounced in organic turbid water through an experiment in which we manipulated turbidity (clear water and organic/inorganic turbid water) and predation risk (presence/absence of a top predator) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. We assessed prey consumption, prey selection (benthic and planktonic invertebrates) and food partitioning among individuals within shoals of an invertivorous fish, Moenkhausia forestii. The overall prey consumption by mesopredators was similar with and without top predator in clear water, but the presence of a top predator resulted in decreased invertebrate consumption in turbid waters, with no difference between organic and inorganic turbidity. Also, fear-induced cascade effects caused a strong preference of planktonic prey over benthic in inorganic turbidity and decreased evenness in prey consumption among individuals. Our findings suggest that the interactive effects of turbidity and top predator presence on mesopredator foraging depend on prey type and highlight individual differences in foraging behaviours among shoal members. Increased anthropogenic impacts on aquatic environments could have lasting long-term population impacts for fishes in terms of foraging and predator avoidance behaviour.

中文翻译:

高有机和无机浊度下捕食风险的级联效应:对中粒鱼类的个体和浅滩的影响

我们测试了由降水介导的沉积(无机浊度)或富营养化(有机浊度)引起的水透明度变化是否与顶级捕食者的存在有不同的相互作用,以确定捕食率,以及中捕食者在觅食和避免捕食者之间的个体决定。我们通过3个实验来控​​制有机物混浊中的浊度(清水和有机/无机混浊水)和捕食风险(存在/不存在顶级捕食者)的实验,检验了在有机混浊水中恐惧引起的级联效应更为明显的假设。 ×2析因设计。我们评估了猎物的消费,猎物的选择(底栖和浮游性无脊椎动物)以及非食性鱼类Moenkhausia forestii的浅滩内个体之间的食物分配。在透明水中有或没有顶级捕食者时,中捕食者的总捕食量相似,但是顶级捕食者的存在导致混浊水中的无脊椎动物消费减少,有机和无机混浊度没有差异。同样,恐惧引起的级联效应在无机浊度中引起了浮游生物比底栖生物的强烈偏好,并且个体之间的猎物消费均匀性降低。我们的研究结果表明,浑浊度和顶级捕食者的存在对中捕食者觅食的相互作用取决于猎物的类型,并突显出浅滩成员觅食行为的个体差异。就觅食和避免捕食行为而言,对水生环境的人为影响增加可能对鱼类产生长期的长期种群影响。
更新日期:2020-07-06
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