Abstract

Background:

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) are repellants that cross the placental barrier, enabling interference with fetal programming. Maternal PFAA concentrations have been associated with offspring obesity and dyslipidemia in childhood and adulthood, but this association has not been studied in infancy.

Objectives:

We investigated associations between maternal PFAA concentrations and repeated markers of adiposity and lipid metabolism in infancy.

Methods:

In the prospective Odense Child Cohort, maternal pregnancy serum concentrations of five PFAA: Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were measured in 649 women. Offspring were examined at birth ($n=613$) and at 3 months ($n=602$) and 18 months ($n=503$) of age. Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride were evaluated at 3 months ($n=262$) and 18 months ($n=198$) of age. Mixed effects linear regression models estimated associations between PFAA and standardized (SDS) body mass index (BMI), ponderal index, and waist circumference. Associations between PFAA and body fat% (BF%) and plasma lipids SDS at 3 months and 18 months of age were investigated with linear regression models.

Results:

PFNA and PFDA were associated with higher BMI SDS [adjusted $\mathrm{\beta }=0.26$; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.49 and $\mathrm{\beta }=0.58$; 95% CI: $–0.03$, 1.19, respectively, for $1\text{-ng}/\mathrm{mL}$ increases] and ponderal index SDS ($\mathrm{\beta }=0.36$; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.59 and $\mathrm{\beta }=1.02$; 95% CI: 0.40, 1.64, respectively) at 3 and 18 months of age (pooled) in girls. Corresponding estimates for boys were closer to the null but not significantly different from estimates for girls. In boys and girls (combined), PFNA and PFDA were associated with BF% at age 3 months (for $1\text{-ng}/\mathrm{mL}$ PFDA, $\mathrm{\beta }=0.40$; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.75), and PFDA was associated with total cholesterol SDS at 18 months ($\mathrm{\beta }=1.06$; 95% CI: 0.08, 2.03) ($n=83$).

Discussion:

Prenatal PFAA were positively associated with longitudinal markers of adiposity and higher total cholesterol in infancy. These findings deserve attention in light of rising rates of childhood overweight conditions and dyslipidemia. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5184

中文翻译：

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产前暴露于全氟烷基酸及其与婴儿肥胖和血浆脂质标记的关联：一项密集的儿童队列研究

摘要

背景：

全氟烷基酸（PFAA）是穿过胎盘屏障的驱避剂，可干扰胎儿编程。孕妇PFAA的浓度与儿童肥胖和成年后代肥胖和血脂异常有关，但尚未在婴儿期进行过研究。

目标：

我们调查了孕妇PFAA浓度与婴儿肥胖和脂质代谢的重复标记之间的关联。

方法：

在预期的欧登塞儿童队列中，母体妊娠血清中五种PFAA的浓度分别为： 649名女性。在出生时检查后代（$ñ=613$）和3个月（$ñ=602$）和18个月（$ñ=503$） 年龄。在3个月时评估总胆固醇，低密度脂蛋白（LDL），高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和甘油三酸酯（$ñ=262$）和18个月（$ñ=198$） 年龄。混合效应线性回归模型估计PFAA与标准化（SDS）体重指数（BMI），腹部指数和腰围之间的关联。使用线性回归模型研究了3个月和18个月大时PFAA与体脂％（BF％）和血脂SDS之间的关联。

结果：

PFNA和PFDA与较高的BMI SDS相关[校正后 $\mathrm{\beta }=0.26$; 95％置信区间（CI）：0.03、0.49和$\mathrm{\beta }=0.58$; 95％CI：$–0.03$，分别为1.19 $\mathrm{1个}\text{-ng}/\mathrm{毫升}$ 上升]和总指数SDS（$\mathrm{\beta }=0.36$; 95％CI：0.13、0.59和$\mathrm{\beta }=1.02$; 95％CI：女孩在3个月和18个月（合并）时分别为0.40、1.64）。对男孩的相应估计接近零值，但与对女孩的估计没有显着差异。在男孩和女孩（合并使用）中，PFNA和PFDA与3个月大的BF％相关（对于$\mathrm{1个}\text{-ng}/\mathrm{毫升}$ PFDA， $\mathrm{\beta }=0.40$; 95％CI：0.04、0.75）和PFDA与18个月时的总胆固醇SDS相关（$\mathrm{\beta }=1.06$; 95％CI：0.08，2.03）（$ñ=83$）。

讨论：

产前PFAA与肥胖的纵向标志物和婴儿期总胆固醇较高呈正相关。鉴于儿童超重状况和血脂异常的发生率上升，这些发现值得关注。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5184