Polyploidy, resulting from the duplication of the entire genome of an organism or cell, greatly affects genes and genomes, cells and tissues, organisms, and even entire ecosystems. Despite the wide-reaching importance of polyploidy, communication across disciplinary boundaries to identify common themes at different scales has been almost nonexistent. However, a critical need remains to understand commonalities that derive from shared polyploid cellular processes across organismal diversity, levels of biological organization, and fields of inquiry – from biodiversity and biocomplexity to medicine and agriculture. Here, we review the current understanding of polyploidy at the organismal and suborganismal levels, identify shared research themes and elements, and propose new directions to integrate research on polyploidy toward confronting interdisciplinary grand challenges of the 21^st century.

多倍体由生物体或细胞的整个基因组复制产生，极大地影响基因和基因组、细胞和组织、生物体，甚至整个生态系统。尽管多倍体具有广泛的重要性，但几乎不存在跨学科边界以识别不同尺度的共同主题的交流。然而，仍然迫切需要了解源自生物多样性、生物组织水平和研究领域（从生物多样性和生物复杂性到医学和农业）的共享多倍体细胞过程的共性。在这里，我们回顾了目前在生物体和亚生物体水平上对多倍体的理解，确定了共同的研究主题和要素，^圣世纪。