The mountain cryosphere is one of the strongest affected systems by climate change. Glacier shrinkage leads to cascading impacts, including changes in river flow regimes, availability of water resources for downstream populations and economy, changes in the occurrence and severity of natural hazards, and cultural changes associated with landscape character and identity. In this study, we analyze impacts of mountain cryosphere change through a lens of Loss and Damage (L&D), a mechanism of international climate policy that tries to evaluate and reduce negative consequences of climate change for societies. We analyze the effects of climate change on glacier change, glacier lake formation and growth, hydrological regimes, and associated impacts on human societies in the Cordillera Blanca in the Peruvian Andes, now and under future scenarios. We use various methods such as literature review, glacial lake outburst flood, and hydrologic modeling to examine three major dimensions of cryospheric change and associated human impacts: (i) ice loss; (ii) glacial hazards; and (iii) variability of water availability. We identify the damage and losses in terms of the number of people affected by glacial hazards, monetized agricultural crop loss due to water loss, and non-economic values local people attribute to glacier loss. We find that different levels of warming have important negative but differentiated effects on natural and human systems. We also contend that the extent of loss and damage will largely be determined by governance and adaptation decisions such as water resource management and disaster risk management. We suggest that these lines of evidence are more explicitly taken into account in L&D policies.

中文翻译：

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与秘鲁布兰卡冰川退缩有关的损失和损害

山地冰冻圈是受气候变化影响最严重的系统之一。冰川收缩导致连锁影响，包括河流流态的变化、下游人口和经济的水资源可用性、自然灾害的发生和严重程度的变化，以及与景观特征和特征相关的文化变化。在这项研究中，我们通过损失和损害 (L&D) 的视角来分析山区冰冻圈变化的影响，这是一种试图评估和减少气候变化对社会的负面影响的国际气候政策机制。我们分析了气候变化对秘鲁安第斯山脉布兰卡山脉现在和未来情景中的冰川变化、冰川湖形成和增长、水文状况以及对人类社会的相关影响的影响。我们使用各种方法，如文献综述、冰川湖溃决洪水和水文模型来检查冰冻圈变化和相关人类影响的三个主要方面：(i) 冰损失；(ii) 冰川危害；(iii) 可用水量的可变性。我们根据受冰川灾害影响的人数、因水流失造成的农作物损失货币化以及当地人归因于冰川流失的非经济价值来确定损害和损失。我们发现，不同程度的变暖对自然和人类系统具有重要的负面影响，但影响不同。我们还认为，损失和损害的程度在很大程度上取决于治理和适应决策，例如水资源管理和灾害风险管理。