Many studies have examined the relationships between the effects of the sunspot area and growth of trees; however, none of them considered European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.). We investigated the relationships between the sunspot area, climate factors (temperature and precipitation) and radial growth of beech in the Krkonoše Mts. in the Czech Republic. We used the core samples of 199 beech trees representing the century-long growth, two sets of climate data (local short-term data and general long-term climate data), and more than a century-long sunspot area dataset acquired from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. Our results showed the significant effects of the sunspot area, temperature and precipitation on the radial growth of beech. The correlations between sunspot area and tree-ring width index varied from 0.9 to 0.5 in the period between 1986 and 2017, a period during which none of the significant anthropogenic disturbances occurred in the study area. The strong correlations were found between the sunspot area and climate factors for a longer period. The largest effect of the sunspot area on the radial growth was observed in the previous year, especially in growing season. Structurally diversified (heterogeneous) beech stands were less affected by the sunspot area compared to the homogeneous stands. In conclusion, the sunspot area is one of the important factors that significantly influence the radial growth of beech in the Krkonoše Mts. Our results will be useful for understanding beech forests in the context of global change, and will have an important contribution to the knowledge for predicting potential impact of the sunspot area on the Earth’s surface.

中文翻译：

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太阳黑子区是克尔科诺谢山脉欧洲山毛榉径向生长的未开发趋势：不同视角的森林科学

许多研究已经检验了太阳黑子面积的影响与树木生长之间的关系；然而，他们都没有考虑欧洲山毛榉 ( Fagus sylvatica L.)。我们调查了太阳黑子面积、气候因素（温度和降水）与克尔科诺谢山山毛榉径向生长之间的关系。在捷克共和国。我们使用了代表百年生长的 199 棵山毛榉树的核心样本、两组气候数据（局部短期数据和一般长期气候数据）以及从国家统计局获得的一个多世纪的太阳黑子面积数据集。海洋大气管理局。我们的研究结果表明，太阳黑子面积、温度和降水对山毛榉径向生长的影响显着。太阳黑子面积与树木年轮宽度指数之间的相关性从0.9到0不等。5 在 1986 年至 2017 年期间，研究区未发生任何重大人为干扰。在较长时期内，太阳黑子面积与气候因素之间存在强相关性。太阳黑子面积对径向生长的影响最大的是在前一年，特别是在生长季节。与同质林分相比，结构多样化（异质）山毛榉林分受太阳黑子区域的影响较小。总之，太阳黑子面积是显着影响克尔科诺谢山山毛榉径向生长的重要因素之一。我们的结果将有助于在全球变化的背景下理解山毛榉森林，并将对预测太阳黑子区域对地球表面的潜在影响的知识做出重要贡献。