The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97–98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2–3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65–75, 15–20, and 10–15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80–85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10–15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.

巴基斯坦的养鸡业是畜牧业的主要子行业，在经济增长和农村发展中起着举足轻重的作用。这项研究旨在表征和绘制巴基斯坦肉鸡和蛋鸡生产系统的结构，相关的价值链以及鸡肉疾病的管理。在23个主要的信息提供者访谈和一个焦点小组讨论中收集了定性数据，这些讨论涉及生产系统的类型，投入，产出，增值，市场动态和疾病管理。还获得了有关商品流量比例的定量数据。生成了价值链图，以说明利益相关者群体及其联系，以及鸟类和产品的流动。进行了主题分析，以解释流程，治理和疾病管理的功能。主要的鸡肉生产系统是：（1）环境控制的生产（97-98％）和（2）开放式房屋生产（2-3％）。肉鸡管理系统分类为（I）独立的肉鸡生产；（二）部分一体化肉鸡生产；（III）完全一体化的肉鸡生产，分别占商业肉鸡供应量的65–75、15–20和10–15％。蛋鸡的管理系统分为（I）部分蛋鸡生产和（II）独立蛋鸡生产，分别占鸡蛋生产的10％和80-85％。后院禽类用于肉和蛋的比例为10％至15％。可以根据价值链管理，参与者的主导地位，制成品的类型和所涉及的目标客户对鸡肉生产的独立集成系统进行分类。集成系统主要针对高收入客户，并使用正式的基础架构。在独立的和部分集成的系统中发现了许多非正式链，中间商在完成禽蛋的分配中起着关键作用。确定的主要主题是农场管理不善，缺乏确保良好耕作规范和产品价格固定的法规方面的结构性缺陷。人们发现，私人和公共利益相关者在被动疾病监测，战略制定和提供健康咨询方面都具有重要作用。这项研究为决策者和利益相关者调查疾病传播，