It is increasingly recognized in science and policy that landscapes need to be managed for multifunctionality. Multi-objective land-use allocation and agent-based modeling are two potent tools to explore the potential of landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services. However, in the case of the former, the real-world feasibility of the biophysically optimal land-use configurations remains unclear. Meanwhile, agent-based models are not well-suited to recognize the biophysical potential of landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services. In this paper, we propose an approach to align multi-objective optimization with agent-based modeling in order to investigate the economic, institutional and social feasibility of biophysically optimal landscapes. It especially allows to contrast biophysically optimized land-use patterns with the option space circumscribed by relevant policy frameworks. We argue that a structured comparison of biophysical optimization with an exploration of the parameter space of an agent-based model can be used to identify the real-world feasibility and the barriers to reaching multifunctional landscapes. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach by using it on a virtual landscape, which allows us to detect the importance of various economic, institutional and behavioral factors that facilitate or hamper moving the social–ecological system toward its biophysical potential. Particularly, we demonstrate the essential role of tailored policy instruments. Our approach can be useful in informing land-use policy with respect to its effectiveness and efficiency in achieving multifunctional landscapes.

中文翻译：

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将基于代理的建模与多目标土地利用分配相结合：确定政策差距和实现生物物理优化景观的可行途径

越来越多的科学和政策认识到景观需要进行多功能管理。多目标土地利用分配和基于代理的建模是探索景观提供多种生态系统服务潜力的两个有效工具。然而，在前者的情况下，生物物理最佳土地利用配置的现实可行性仍不清楚。同时，基于代理的模型不太适合识别景观提供多种生态系统服务的生物物理潜力。在本文中，我们提出了一种将多目标优化与基于代理的建模相结合的方法，以研究生物物理优化景观的经济、制度和社会可行性。它特别允许将生物物理优化的土地利用模式与相关政策框架限制的选择空间进行对比。我们认为，生物物理优化与基于代理模型的参数空间探索的结构化比较可用于确定现实世界的可行性和实现多功能景观的障碍。我们通过在虚拟景观中使用它来证明我们方法的适用性，这使我们能够检测各种经济、制度和行为因素的重要性，这些因素促进或阻碍社会生态系统向其生物物理潜力发展。特别是，我们展示了量身定制的政策工具的重要作用。