An interdisciplinary field investigation of historic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Kanchenjunga region of Nepal was conducted between April and May, 2019. Oral history and field measurements suggested that at least six major GLOFs have occurred in the region since 1921. A remote sensing analysis confirmed the occurrence of the six GLOFs mentioned by informants, including two smaller flood events not mentioned that had occurred at some point before 1962. A numerical simulation of the Nangama GLOF suggested that it was triggered by an ice/debris avalanche of some 800,000 m3 of material, causing a surge wave that breached the terminal moraine and released an estimated 11.2 × 106 m3 ± 1.4 × 106 m3 of water. Debris from the flood dammed the Pabuk Khola river 2 km below the lake to form what is today known as Chheche Pokhari lake. Some concern has been expressed for the possibility of a second GLOF from Nangama as the result of continued and growing landslide activity from its right lateral moraine. Regular monitoring of all lakes and glaciers is recommended to avoid and/or mitigate the occurrence of future GLOF events in the region. Collectively, the paper demonstrates the benefits and utility of interdisciplinary research approaches to achieving a better understanding of past and poorly documented GLOF events in remote, data-scarce high mountain environments.

中文翻译：

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重建尼泊尔东部干城章嘉峰保护区冰川湖溃决洪水 (GLOF) 的历史：跨学科方法

2019 年 4 月至 5 月期间，对尼泊尔干城章嘉峰地区历史性冰川湖溃决洪水 (GLOF) 进行了跨学科实地调查。口述历史和现场测量表明，自 1921 年以来，该地区至少发生了六次主要的 GLOF。传感分析证实了线人提到的六次 GLOF 的发生，包括在 1962 年之前某个时间点发生的两次较小的洪水事件。 Nangama GLOF 的数值模拟表明它是由大约 800,000 次冰/碎屑雪崩引发的m3 材料，导致浪涌波冲破终端冰碛并释放估计 11.2 × 106 m3 ± 1.4 × 106 m3 的水。洪水的残骸在湖下 2 公里处拦住了帕布科霍拉河，形成了今天所称的 Chheche Pokhari 湖。由于南加马右侧冰碛持续和不断增长的滑坡活动，有人担心可能会发生第二次 GLOF。建议定期监测所有湖泊和冰川，以避免和/或减轻该地区未来 GLOF 事件的发生。总的来说，本文展示了跨学科研究方法的好处和效用，可以更好地了解偏远、数据稀缺的高山环境中过去和记录不足的 GLOF 事件。