Weed management is a challenge for farmers worldwide, and the problem is exacerbated by the spread of weed herbicide resistance. Simulation models that combine population dynamics and genetics are valuable tools for predicting the impact of competing management options on weed density, allele frequency, and phenotypic resistance levels. The new R package PROSPER provides functions for the forward simulation of weed population dynamics on a field scale, the selection of individuals according to their sensitivity to herbicides, and the recombination of alleles during reproduction. Objects are provided to enter and save model parameters in a clear structure, and to save output data for further processing in R. The basic functions are extensible with R code. PROSPER combines individual-based population dynamics with monogenic or polygenic diploid inheritance and flexible selection pressure. Stochasticity can be included at all model steps. Two examples of the population dynamics of two annual weed species with herbicide resistance are presented. All parameters and the models are available in PROSPER. In addition to simulation, PROSPER is intended for sharing and publishing population dynamic parameters and models, which is easily done thanks to R.

中文翻译：

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R Packages PROSPER：用于模拟杂草种群动态和抗除草剂进化的环境

杂草管理对全世界的农民来说都是一个挑战，杂草对除草剂的抗性传播使问题更加严重。结合种群动态和遗传学的模拟模型是预测竞争管理选项对杂草密度，等位基因频率和表型抗性水平影响的有价值的工具。新的R软件包PROSPER提供了在田间规模上对杂草种群动态进行前向模拟，根据对除草剂的敏感性进行个体选择以及繁殖过程中等位基因重组的功能。提供对象以清晰的结构输入和保存模型参数，并保存输出数据以在R中进行进一步处理。基本功能可通过R代码扩展。PROSPER将基于个体的种群动态与单基因或多基因二倍体遗传和灵活的选择压力相结合。随机性可以包括在所有模型步骤中。给出了两个具有除草剂抗性的一年生杂草物种种群动态的例子。所有参数和模型均可在PROSPER中获得。除了模拟之外，PROSPER还用于共享和发布人口动态参数和模型，这要归功于R。