Advances in our understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiota to human health and the correlation of dysbiosis with diseases, including chronic intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have driven mechanistic investigations of probiotics in intestinal homeostasis and potential clinical applications. Probiotics have been shown to promote intestinal health by maintaining and restoring epithelial function, ensuring mucosal immune homeostasis, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Recent findings reveal an approach for defining previously unrecognized probiotic-derived soluble factors as potential mechanisms of probiotic action. This review focuses on the impact of probiotics and probiotic-derived functional factors, including probiotic products and metabolites by probiotics, on the cellular responses and signaling pathways involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although there is limited information regarding the translation of probiotic treatment outcomes from in vitro and animal studies to clinical applications, potential approaches for increasing the clinical efficacy of probiotics for IBD, such as those based on probiotic-derived factors, are highlighted in this review. In this era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, more basic, preclinical, and clinical evidence is needed to clarify the efficacy of probiotics in maintaining intestinal health and preventing and treating disease.

我们对肠道菌群对人类健康的贡献以及病原菌与疾病的相关性的理解的进步，包括炎症性肠病（IBD）等慢性肠道疾病，推动了对肠道稳态中益生菌的机理研究和潜在的临床应用。益生菌已显示出通过维持和恢复上皮功能，确保粘膜免疫稳态以及抑制致病细菌来促进肠道健康。最近的发现揭示了一种将以前无法识别的益生菌来源的可溶性因子定义为益生菌作用的潜在机制的方法。这篇评论的重点是益生菌和益生菌衍生的功能因子（包括益生菌产品和益生菌代谢产物）的影响，维持肠道动态平衡所涉及的细胞反应和信号通路。尽管关于益生菌治疗结果翻译的信息有限体外以及针对临床应用的动物研究，本综述重点介绍了提高益生菌治疗IBD的临床功效的潜在方法，例如基于益生菌衍生因子的方法。在这个精密医学和靶向疗法的时代，需要更多的基础，临床前和临床证据来阐明益生菌在维持肠道健康以及预防和治疗疾病中的功效。