Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) and embedded microsystems have recently gained tremendous traction from researchers due to their vast sensing and monitoring applications in various fields including healthcare, academic, finance, environment, military, agriculture, retail, and consumer electronics. An essential requirement for the sustainable operation of WSN is the presence of an uninterrupted power supply; which is currently obtained from electrochemical batteries that suffer from limited life cycles and are associated with serious environmental hazards. An alternative to replacing batteries of WSNs; either the direct replacement or to facilitate battery regular recharging, is by looking into energy harvesting for its sustainable drive. Energy harvesting is a technique by which ambient energy can be converted into useful electricity, particularly for low‐power WSNs and consumer electronics. In particular, vibration‐based energy harvesting has been a key focus area, due to the abundant availability of vibration‐based energy sources that can be easily harvested. In vibration‐based energy harvesters (VEHs), different optimization techniques and design considerations are taken in order to broaden the operation frequency range through multi‐resonant states, increase multi‐degree‐of‐freedom, provide nonlinear characteristics, and implement the hybrid conversion. This comprehensive review summarizes recent developments in VEHs with a focus on piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and hybrid piezoelectric‐electromagnetic energy harvesters. Various vibration and motion‐induced energy harvesting prototypes have been reviewed and discussed in detail with respect to device architecture, conversion mechanism, performance parameters, and implementation. Overall sizes of most of the reported piezoelectric energy harvesters are in the millimeter to centimeter scales, with resonant frequencies in the range of 2‐13 900 Hz. Maximum energy conversion for electromagnetic energy harvesters can potentially reach up to 778.01 μW/cm³. The power produced by the reported hybrid energy harvesters (HEHs) is in the range of 35.43‐4900 μW. Due to the combined piezoelectric‐electromagnetic energy conversion in HEHs, these systems are capable of producing the highest power densities.

中文翻译：

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基于振动的压电，电磁和混合能量采集器，用于微系统应用：综述

由于无线传感器节点（WSN）和嵌入式微系统在医疗，学术，金融，环境，军事，农业，零售和消费电子等各个领域的广泛传感和监控应用，近来已引起研究人员的极大关注。WSN可持续运行的基本要求是存在不间断电源；目前，它们是从电化学电池中获得的，这些电池寿命有限，并伴有严重的环境危害。替代WSN电池的替代方法；直接更换电池或为电池定期充电提供便利，是通过寻找能量收集来实现其可持续性驱动。能量收集是一种技术，通过该技术可以将周围的能量转换为有用的电能，特别是对于低功率WSN和消费类电子产品。尤其是，基于振动的能量收集已成为重点关注领域，因为可以轻松收集基于振动的能量源。在基于振动的能量收集器（VEH）中，采用了不同的优化技术和设计注意事项，以便通过多共振状态扩展工作频率范围，增加多自由度，提供非线性特性并实现混合转换。 。这份全面的综述总结了VEH的最新发展，重点是压电，电磁和混合压电-电磁能量收集器。各种振动和运动引起的能量收集原型已针对设备架构进行了详细审查和讨论，转换机制，性能参数和实现。报告的大多数压电能量采集器的总体尺寸在毫米到厘米的范围内，谐振频率范围为2-13900 Hz。电磁能量采集器的最大能量转换可能达到778.01μW/ cm³。报道的混合能源采集器（HEH）产生的功率范围为35.43-4900μW。由于HEH中结合了压电-电磁能转换，这些系统能够产生最高的功率密度。