Macrophages are fundamental to sustain physiological equilibrium and to regulate the pathogenesis of parasitic and metabolic processes. The functional heterogeneity and immune responses of macrophages are shaped by cellular metabolism in response to the host’s intrinsic factors, environmental cues and other stimuli during disease. Parasite infections induce a complex cascade of cytokines and metabolites that profoundly remodel the metabolic status of macrophages. In particular, helminths polarize macrophages to an M2 state and induce a metabolic shift towards reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, lipid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Accumulating data indicate that helminth‐induced activation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages underlie improvement in overall whole‐body metabolism, denoted by improved insulin sensitivity, body mass in response to high‐fat diet and atherogenic index in mammals. This review aims to highlight the metabolic changes that occur in human and murine‐derived macrophages in response to helminth infections and helminth products, with particular interest in schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminths.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞免疫代谢的血吸虫和肠道蠕虫调节。

巨噬细胞是维持生理平衡和调节寄生虫和代谢过程的发病机制的基础。巨噬细胞的功能异质性和免疫反应是由细胞代谢形成的，以响应宿主的内在因素、环境线索和疾病期间的其他刺激。寄生虫感染会诱导一系列复杂的细胞因子和代谢物，从而深刻地重塑巨噬细胞的代谢状态。特别是，蠕虫将巨噬细胞极化为 M2 状态，并诱导代谢转变为依赖氧化磷酸化、脂质氧化和氨基酸代谢。越来越多的数据表明，蠕虫诱导的巨噬细胞活化和代谢重编程是整体全身代谢改善的基础，表现为胰岛素敏感性提高，哺乳动物对高脂肪饮食和动脉粥样硬化指数的反应。本综述旨在强调人类和鼠源性巨噬细胞在应对蠕虫感染和蠕虫产物时发生的代谢变化，特别关注血吸虫病和土壤传播的蠕虫。