Oncogenic DNA viruses establish lifelong infections in humans, and they cause cancers, often in immunocompromised patients, despite anti-viral immune surveillance targeted against viral antigens. High-throughput sequencing techniques allowed the field to identify novel viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are ideal factors for DNA viruses to exploit; they are non-immunogenic to T cells, thus viral ncRNAs can manipulate host cells without evoking adaptive immune responses. Viral ncRNAs may still trigger the host innate immune response, but many viruses encode decoys/inhibitors to counter-act and evade recognition. In addition, ncRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular space and influence adjacent cells to create a pro-viral microenvironment. In this review, we present recent progress in understanding interactions between oncoviruses and ncRNAs including small and long ncRNAs, microRNAs, and recently identified viral circular RNAs. In addition, potential clinical applications for ncRNA will be discussed. Extracellular ncRNAs are suggested to be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and, with the realization of the importance of viral ncRNAs in tumorigenesis, approaches to target critical viral ncRNAs are emerging. Further understanding of viral utilization of ncRNAs will advance anti-viral therapeutics beyond conventional medication and vaccination.

尽管有针对病毒抗原的抗病毒免疫监视，但致癌 DNA 病毒会在人类中建立终身感染，并且它们会导致癌症，通常在免疫功能低下的患者中。高通量测序技术使该领域能够识别新的病毒非编码 RNA (ncRNA)。ncRNA 是 DNA 病毒利用的理想因子；它们对 T 细胞没有免疫原性，因此病毒 ncRNA 可以操纵宿主细胞而不引起适应性免疫反应。病毒 ncRNA 仍可能触发宿主先天免疫反应，但许多病毒编码诱饵/抑制剂以抵消和逃避识别。此外，ncRNA 可以分泌到细胞外空间并影响相邻细胞以创建前病毒微环境。在本次审查中，我们介绍了了解肿瘤病毒和 ncRNA 之间相互作用的最新进展，包括小和长 ncRNA、microRNA 以及最近发现的病毒环状 RNA。此外，还将讨论 ncRNA 的潜在临床应用。细胞外 ncRNA 被认为是诊断和预后的生物标志物，随着人们认识到病毒 ncRNA 在肿瘤发生中的重要性，靶向关键病毒 ncRNA 的方法正在出现。进一步了解 ncRNA 的病毒利用将推动抗病毒治疗超越常规药物和疫苗接种。随着人们认识到病毒 ncRNA 在肿瘤发生中的重要性，靶向关键病毒 ncRNA 的方法正在出现。进一步了解 ncRNA 的病毒利用将推动抗病毒治疗超越常规药物和疫苗接种。随着人们认识到病毒 ncRNA 在肿瘤发生中的重要性，靶向关键病毒 ncRNA 的方法正在出现。进一步了解 ncRNA 的病毒利用将推动抗病毒治疗超越常规药物和疫苗接种。