Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with immense chemical tunability derived from their organic and inorganic building blocks. Presynthetic approaches have been used to construct tailor-made MOFs, but with a rather restricted functional group scope limited by the typical MOF solvothermal synthesis conditions. Postsynthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs has matured into an alternative strategy to broaden the functional group scope of MOFs. PSM has many incarnations, but two main avenues include (1) covalent PSM, in which the organic linkers of the MOF are modified with a reagent resulting in new functional groups, and (2) coordinative PSM, where organic molecules containing metal ligating groups are introduced onto the inorganic secondary building units (SBUs) of the MOF. These methods have evolved from simple efforts to modifying MOFs to demonstrate proof-of-concept, to becoming key synthetic tools for advancing MOFs for a range of emerging applications, including selective gas sorption, catalysis, and drug delivery. Moreover, both covalent and coordinative PSM have been used to create hierarchal MOFs, MOF-based porous liquids, and other unusual MOF materials. This Outlook highlights recent reports that have extended the scope of PSM in MOFs, some seminal reports that have contributed to the advancement of PSM in MOFs, and our view on future directions of the field.

中文翻译：

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合成后改性：金属有机框架进步的一项使能技术。

金属有机框架（MOF）是一类多孔材料，具有源自其有机和无机结构单元的巨大化学可调性。预合成方法已用于构建定制的 MOF，但受典型 MOF 溶剂热合成条件的限制，官能团范围相当有限。MOF 的合成后修饰 (PSM) 已成熟为拓宽 MOF 官能团范围的替代策略。PSM 有多种形式，但主要有两种途径：(1) 共价 PSM，其中 MOF 的有机连接体用试剂进行修饰，产生新的官能团；(2) 配位 PSM，其中含有金属配位基团的有机分子引入 MOF 的无机二级建筑单元（SBU）。这些方法已经从简单地修改 MOF 以证明概念验证，发展成为推动 MOF 应用于一系列新兴应用（包括选择性气体吸附、催化和药物输送）的关键合成工具。此外，共价和配位 PSM 均已用于创建分层 MOF、基于 MOF 的多孔液体和其他不寻常的 MOF 材料。本展望重点介绍了最近扩展了 MOF 中 PSM 范围的报告、一些有助于推动 MOF 中 PSM 进步的开创性报告，以及我们对该领域未来方向的看法。