Previous measurements (Del Rio et al. 2019) have confirmed the formation of cool summer microclimates through a combination of passive cooling elements (i.e., evaporative cooling louver, vegetation, and sunscreen) in semi-outdoor building spaces in Japan. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is useful to understand the contribution of each element to semi-outdoor and indoor microclimates with natural ventilation, and to determine their effective combination. To date, there have not been sufficient studies on the modeling and validation for the CFD simulation of microclimates by such elements. This study demonstrates the modeling method using literature-based values and field measurements. It also demonstrates model validity by comparing the obtained results with field measurements. The results show that CFD simulation with detailed modeling of these elements can replicate vertical temperature distributions at four different positions across the semi-outdoor space and indoor space. The maximum difference in air temperature between the measurements and simulation results was 0.7–1 °C. The sensitivities of each passive cooling element on the microclimates formed in both spaces were confirmed. The watered louver condition and shorter louver–window distance were most effective in cooling both spaces. These results indicate that the modeling method could be effectively applied to assess cool microclimates and formulate a passive cooling design.

中文翻译：

---

半室外建筑空间被动冷却元件形成的凉爽夏季小气候的建模与验证

之前的测量（Del Rio 等人，2019 年）已经证实，在日本的半户外建筑空间中，通过被动冷却元素（即蒸发冷却百叶窗、植被和防晒霜）的组合，形成了凉爽的夏季小气候。计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟有助于了解每个元素对自然通风的半室外和室内小气候的贡献，并确定它们的有效组合。迄今为止，还没有对这些要素对微气候的 CFD 模拟进行建模和验证的充分研究。本研究展示了使用基于文献的值和现场测量的建模方法。它还通过将获得的结果与现场测量结果进行比较来证明模型的有效性。结果表明，对这些元素进行详细建模的 CFD 仿真可以复制半户外空间和室内空间四个不同位置的垂直温度分布。测量结果与模拟结果之间的最大气温差异为 0.7–1 °C。确认了每个被动冷却元件对两个空间中形成的小气候的敏感性。浇水百叶窗条件和较短的百叶窗与窗户之间的距离对冷却这两个空间最有效。这些结果表明，该建模方法可以有效地应用于评估凉爽的小气候和制定被动冷却设计。测量结果与模拟结果之间的最大气温差异为 0.7–1 °C。确认了每个被动冷却元件对两个空间中形成的小气候的敏感性。浇水百叶窗条件和较短的百叶窗与窗户之间的距离对冷却这两个空间最有效。这些结果表明，该建模方法可以有效地应用于评估凉爽的小气候和制定被动冷却设计。测量结果与模拟结果之间的最大气温差异为 0.7–1 °C。确认了每个被动冷却元件对两个空间中形成的小气候的敏感性。浇水百叶窗条件和较短的百叶窗与窗户之间的距离对冷却这两个空间最有效。这些结果表明，该建模方法可以有效地应用于评估凉爽的小气候和制定被动冷却设计。