Abstract The poor permeability of prevalent thin film composite (TFC) membranes impedes their application in forward osmosis (FO). In this study, a high-flux TFC membrane was prepared by incorporating dopamine (DA) into an aqueous solution with various concentrations of m-phenylendiamine (MPD) in interfacial polymerization with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on a fabricated polysulfone (PSF) substrate. SEM, AFM, XPS, ATR-FTIR, and water contact angle measurement (WCA) and Zeta potential were exploited to characterize synthesized membranes. The optimized TFC membrane (TFC-2; MPD: 2 wt%, DA: 0.1 wt%) attained a nearly five-fold water flux improvement (33.3 LMH (L.m−2.h−1) versus 7.1 LMH for control membrane), an acceptable reverse salt flux of 4.1 g/m2h and a reduced structural parameter (125 μm) in FO with 1 M NaCl draw solution. Membranes were then employed for pesticide removal from water in both reverse osmosis (RO) and FO resulting in high rejection values of >92% in RO and >91% in FO by the optimal membrane for all studied pesticides. Furthermore, the optimized DA-incorporated sample exhibited a better performance compared to the control membrane in terms of anti-scaling behavior and the scaling propensity of RO and FO processes was studied through flux decline measurement in supersaturated solutions with different concentrations of gypsum as model scalant. This study suggests that the FO process, regardless of the membrane material, is per se more resistant against scaling with a threshold gypsum concentration of 25–30 mM compared to RO starting to scale within 20–25 mM of gypsum solution within 24 h.

中文翻译：

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用于去除农药的含有多巴胺的 RO/FO TFC 膜的制备、表征和结垢倾向研究

摘要 普遍使用的薄膜复合 (TFC) 膜的渗透性差阻碍了它们在正向渗透 (FO) 中的应用。在这项研究中，通过将多巴胺 (DA) 掺入具有不同浓度间苯二胺 (MPD) 的水溶液中，与均苯三甲酰氯 (TMC) 在制造的聚砜 (PSF) 基材上进行界面聚合，制备了高通量 TFC 膜。SEM、AFM、XPS、ATR-FTIR 和水接触角测量 (WCA) 和 Zeta 电位被用来表征合成膜。优化的 TFC 膜（TFC-2；MPD：2 wt%，DA：0.1 wt%）实现了近五倍的水通量改进（33.3 LMH (Lm-2.h-1) 对比对照膜的 7.1 LMH），可接受的反向盐通量为 4.1 g/m2h，并且在 FO 中使用 1 M NaCl 汲取溶液降低了结构参数 (125 μm)。然后使用膜在反渗透 (RO) 和 FO 中从水中去除农药，通过所有研究的农药的最佳膜，导致 RO 中 >92% 和 FO 中 >91% 的高截留值。此外，与对照膜相比，优化的掺入 DA 的样品在抗结垢行为方面表现出更好的性能，并通过在不同浓度石膏作为模型结垢剂的过饱和溶液中的通量下降测量来研究 RO 和 FO 过程的结垢倾向. 该研究表明，与 RO 在 24 小时内在 20-25 mM 石膏溶液内开始结垢相比，FO 过程本身更能抵抗 25-30 mM 阈值石膏浓度的结垢。