Abstract The extent to which new greening initiatives contribute to gentrification processes in urban areas is of rising interest to researchers and policymakers, but the precise (and often intangible) aspects of green spaces that embed them within gentrification processes are not well understood. The Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) literature offers new ways of measuring these aspects. In this study, we use geo-located social media data to assess the value attributed to CES in 18 urban parks in Barcelona, of which 9 were shown to have experienced green gentrification in previous studies. We performed descriptive analysis and statistical independence tests on 703 photos downloaded from the social media platform Flickr. Of the 703 photos analyzed, 85% were taken in parks associated with green gentrification; nevertheless, around 80% of all photos depicted built infrastructures rather than ecological features – indicating that green gentrification is not strictly about greenness and how visitors value it. Statistical results show that parks that experienced green gentrification were significantly associated with “aesthetics” and “recreational activities”, whilst parks that did not experience green gentrification were significantly associated with “cultural identity” and “social activities”. These results suggest that justice outcomes following from the relationship between urban greening and gentrification are dependent on the social-cultural associations with green spaces that the ecosystem services framework formulates, making it a potentially powerful tool for understanding how to generate more just greening policies in cities.

中文翻译：

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社会不公的隐藏驱动力：揭示绿色高档化背后不平等的文化生态系统服务

摘要 新的绿化举措对城市地区高档化进程的贡献程度越来越受到研究人员和政策制定者的关注，但将它们嵌入高档化进程的绿色空间的精确（通常是无形的）方面尚不清楚。文化生态系统服务 (CES) 文献提供了衡量这些方面的新方法。在这项研究中，我们使用地理定位的社交媒体数据来评估巴塞罗那 18 个城市公园中 CES 的价值，其中 9 个在之前的研究中被证明经历了绿色高档化。我们对从社交媒体平台 Flickr 下载的 703 张照片进行了描述性分析和统计独立性测试。在分析的 703 张照片中，85% 是在与绿色高档化相关的公园拍摄的；尽管如此，大约 80% 的照片描绘的是已建成的基础设施，而不是生态特征——这表明绿色高档化并不是严格意义上的绿色以及游客如何评价它。统计结果表明，经历过绿色高档化的公园与“美学”和“休闲活动”显着相关，而没有经历过绿色高档化的公园与“文化认同”和“社会活动”显着相关。这些结果表明，城市绿化和高档化之间关系的公正结果取决于生态系统服务框架制定的绿色空间的社会文化关联，使其成为理解如何在城市中制定更公正的绿化政策的潜在有力工具.