Extreme weather events may enhance ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution, causing additional adverse health effects. This work aims to evaluate the health and associated economic impacts of changes in air quality induced by heat wave, stagnation, and compound extremes under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate scenarios. The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition is applied to estimate health and related economic impacts of changes in surface O₃ and PM_2.5 levels due to heat wave, stagnation, and compound extremes over the continental U.S. during past (i.e., 2001–2010) and future (i.e., 2046–2055) decades under the two RCP scenarios.

Under the past and future decades, the weather extremes-induced concentration increases may lead to several tens to hundreds O₃-related deaths and several hundreds to over ten thousands PM_2.5-related deaths annually. High mortalities and morbidities are estimated for populated urban areas with strong spatial heterogeneities. The estimated annual costs for these O₃ and PM_2.5 related health outcomes are $5.5–12.5 and $48.6–140.7 billion U.S. dollar for mortalities, and $8.9–97.8 and $19.5–112.5 million for morbidities, respectively. Of the extreme events, the estimated O₃– and PM_2.5–related mortality and morbidity attributed to stagnation are the highest, followed by heat wave or compound extremes. Large increases in heat wave and compound extreme events in the future decade dominate changes in mortality during these two extreme events, whereas population growth dominates changes in mortality during stagnation that is projected to occur less frequently. Projected reductions of anthropogenic emissions under both RCP scenarios compensate for the increased mortality due to increased occurrence for heat wave and compound extremes in the future. These results suggest a need to further reduce air pollutant emissions during weather extremes to minimize the adverse impacts of weather extremes on air quality and human health.

极端天气事件可能会增强臭氧（O ₃）和细颗粒物（PM _2.5）的污染，从而造成其他不利的健康影响。这项工作旨在评估在代表性浓度途径（RCP）4.5和8.5气候情景下，热浪，停滞和复合极端引起的空气质量变化对健康和相关的经济影响。《环境效益图和分析计划社区版》用于估计过去（即2001年– 2001年，美国大陆上的）热浪，停滞和极端气候所致表面O ₃和PM _2.5含量变化对健康和相关的经济影响。两种RCP情景下的2010年和未来（即2046-2055）十年。

在过去和未来的几十年中，由极端天气引起的浓度增加可能每年导致数十至数百个与O ₃有关的死亡，以及数百至数千个与PM _2.5有关的死亡。据估计，具有高度空间异质性的人口稠密的城市地区死亡率和发病率较高。这些与O ₃和PM _2.5相关的健康结果的估计年度死亡率分别为5.5–12.5美元和48.6–1407亿美元，而发病率分别为8.9–97.8美元和19.5–112.5百万美元。在极端事件中，估计的O ₃ –和PM _2.5–因停滞而导致的相关死亡率和发病率最高，其次是热浪或复合极端事件。在未来十年中，热浪的大量增加和复合极端事件将主导这两个极端事件期间的死亡率变化，而人口增长将主导停滞期间的死亡率变化，而停滞现象预计不会那么频繁发生。在两种RCP情景下，预计人为排放量的减少将弥补由于未来热浪和复合极端事件的发生而增加的死亡率。这些结果表明，需要进一步减少极端天气期间的空气污染物排放，以最大程度地减少极端天气对空气质量和人体健康的不利影响。