Glacier surface temperature (GST) is influenced by both the energy flux from the atmosphere above and the thermal dynamics at the ice–water–debris interfaces. However, previous studies on GST are inadequate in time series research and mountain glacier surface temperature retrieval. We evaluate the GST variability at Hailuogou glacier, a temperate glacier located in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, from 1990 to 2018. We utilized a modified mono-window algorithm to calculate the GST using the Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) band 10 data and Landsat 5 thematic mapper (TM) band 6 data. Three essential parameters, including the emissivity of ice and snow, atmospheric transmittance, and effective mean atmospheric temperature, were employed in the GST algorithm. The remotely-sensed temperatures were compared with two other single-channel algorithms to validate GST algorithm’s accuracy. Results from different algorithms showed a good agreement, with a mean difference of about 0.6 ℃. Our results showed that the GST of the Hailuogou glacier, both in the upper debris-free part and the lower debris-covered tongue, has experienced a slightly increasing trend at a rate of 0.054 ℃ a^-1 during the past decades. Atmospheric warming, expanding debris cover in the lower part, and a darkening debris-free accumulation area are the main causes of the warming of the glacier surface.

中文翻译：

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1990年至2018年青藏高原东南部海螺沟冰川的地表温度估算

冰川表面温度（GST）既受来自上方大气的能量通量的影响，也受冰-水-碎片界面的热力学影响。但是，以前关于GST的研究在时间序列研究和山冰川表面温度反演中是不够的。我们评估了1990年至2018年位于青藏高原东南部的温带冰川海螺沟冰川的GST变异性。我们使用改良的单窗口算法使用Landsat 8热红外传感器（TIRS）波段10数据和Landsat计算了GST。 5个主题映射器（TM）波段6个数据。GST算法采用了三个基本参数，包括冰雪发射率，大气透射率和有效平均大气温度。将遥感温度与其他两种单通道算法进行了比较，以验证GST算法的准确性。不同算法的结果显示出良好的一致性，平均差异约为0.6℃。我们的结果表明，海螺沟冰川的GST，无论是上部无碎片还是下部有碎片覆盖的舌部，其GST都以0.054℃a的速率略有增加。在过去的十年中为^-1。大气变暖，下部碎屑覆盖扩大以及无碎屑堆积区域变暗是造成冰川表面变暖的主要原因。