Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are an essential part of economies at the national, regional, and local levels. Understanding the determinants of the development of this sector is interesting not only for researchers but also for local governments to support the development of this sector. This paper analyses micro, small, and medium enterprises at the gmina (local) level in one region, the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship (NUTS2) in Poland. The authors use multivariate linear regression, spatial econometrics, and classification trees to model the influence of different factors on the number of enterprises relative to population size. The authors found that the most crucial factor in all cases, independently of the method used, is the local government’s revenue from personal income tax per capita. This finding, together with the lack of significance of variables related to the distance to technological parks or economic zones, indicates that the enterprises in the region produce mainly for local consumption and lack innovativeness. The authors also examined the influence of spatial context on the number of enterprises. The most important factor seems to be the percentage of built-up areas, but there are also others, depending on the model type; again, this confirms the local character of the activity of micro, small, and medium enterprises in the region. Variables representing the spatial context can explain the relative number of enterprises with coefficient of determination (R²) between 0.30 and 0.45, which shows that this context played a relatively significant role in the development of the MSME sector in the region. On the other hand, the econometric models (that include the neighborhood) are only significant (improving R2) for medium enterprises, which means that medium enterprises expand their activity beyond the local range.

中文翻译：

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影响微型，小型和中型企业空间分布的地理和经济因素：对波兰Kujawsko-Pomorskie地区的实证研究

微型，小型和中型企业（MSME）是国家，区域和地方各级经济的重要组成部分。了解这一行业发展的决定因素不仅对研究人员而且对于支持该行业发展的地方政府都非常重要。本文分析微型，小型和中型企业在gmina波兰的Kujawsko-Pomorskie省（NUTS2）一个地区的本地（本地）级别。作者使用多元线性回归，空间计量经济学和分类树对与人口规模有关的企业数量的不同因素的影响进行建模。作者发现，在所有情况下，与所使用的方法无关，最关键的因素是地方政府的人均个人所得税收入。这一发现以及缺乏与到技术园区或经济区的距离相关的变量的重要性，表明该地区的企业主要为当地消费而生产，缺乏创新能力。作者还研究了空间环境对企业数量的影响。最重要的因素似乎是建筑面积的百分比，但是还有其他类型，具体取决于模型类型；这再次证实了该地区微型，小型和中型企业活动的本地特征。代表空间背景的变量可以用确定系数来解释企业的相对数量（R²）在0.30和0.45之间，这表明这种情况在该地区MSME部门的发展中发挥了相对重要的作用。另一方面，计量经济模型（包括邻域）仅对中型企业有效（提高R2），这意味着中型企业的活动范围超出了本地范围。