Since the late 1990s, changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were recognized with the emergence of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). CA-MRSA belonging to clonal complex 152 (CC152), carrying the small staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type V and encoding the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), has been observed in Europe. The aim of this study was to investigate its origin, evolution, and dissemination. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on a global collection of 149 CC152 isolates spanning 20 years (93 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] and 56 MRSA isolates). Core genome phylogeny, Bayesian inference, in silico resistance analyses, and genomic characterization were applied. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major distinct clades, one dominated by MSSA and the other populated only by MRSA. The MSSA isolates were predominately from sub-Saharan Africa, whereas MRSA was almost exclusively from Europe. The European MRSA isolates all harbored an SCCmec type V (5C2&5) element, whereas other SCCmec elements were sporadically detected in MRSA from the otherwise MSSA-dominated clade, including SCCmec types IV (2B), V (5C2), and XIII (9A). In total, 93% of the studied CC152 isolates were PVL positive. Bayesian coalescent inference suggests an emergence of the European CC152-MRSA in the 1990s, while the CC152 lineage dates back to the 1970s. The CA-MRSA CC152 clone mimics the European CC80 CA-MRSA lineage by its emergence from a PVL-positive MSSA ancestor from North Africa or Europe. The CC152 lineage has acquired SCCmec several times, but acquisition of SCCmec type V (5C2&5) seems associated with expansion of MRSA CC152 in Europe.

中文翻译：

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克隆复合物 152 群落相关耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的进化和种群动态。

自 20 世纪 90 年代末以来，随着社区相关 MRSA (CA-MRSA) 的出现，人们认识到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)流行病学的变化。CA-MRSA 属于克隆复合体 152 (CC152)，携带 V 型小葡萄球菌盒式染色体mec (SCC mec ) 并编码 Panton-Valentine 杀白细胞素 (PVL)，已在欧洲观察到。本研究的目的是调查其起源、演变和传播。对跨越 20 年的全球 149 个 CC152 分离株（93 个甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌[MSSA] 和 56 个 MRSA 分离株）进行了全基因组测序。应用了核心基因组系统发育、贝叶斯推理、计算机抗性分析和基因组表征。系统发育分析揭示了两个主要的不同进化枝，一个以 MSSA 为主，另一个仅以 MRSA 为主。MSSA 菌株主要来自撒哈拉以南非洲，而 MRSA 几乎全部来自欧洲。欧洲 MRSA 分离株均含有 SCC mec V 型 (5C2&5) 元件，而在其他以 MSSA 为主的分支的 MRSA 中零星检测到其他 SCC mec元件，包括 SCC mec IV 型 (2B)、V (5C2) 和 XIII 型(9A)。总共，93% 的研究 CC152 分离株呈 PVL 阳性。贝叶斯合并推理表明欧洲 CC152-MRSA 出现于 20 世纪 90 年代，而 CC152 谱系可追溯到 20 世纪 70 年代。CA-MRSA CC152 克隆模仿欧洲 CC80 CA-MRSA 谱系，源自北非或欧洲的 PVL 阳性 MSSA 祖先。CC152谱系已多次收购SCC mec ，但收购SCC mec V型（5C2&5）似乎与MRSA CC152在欧洲的扩张有关。