Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for major part of primary liver cancer, which is one of the most dangerous malignant tumors worldwide. Although early detection and treatment can greatly improve patient well-being, most of HCC patients still fail to be timely diagnosed and managed, as the symptoms are unconspicuous and are difficult to examine at the early stage. To tackle the challenge, nanomaterial-enhanced HCC biosensing methods are rapidly developed by integrating specific recognition elements of HCC-related biomarkers with different nanomaterials. These methods demonstrate high sensitivity and selectivity toward HCC-related detection in vitro and in vivo, and thus play a pivotal role in early diagnosis. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in the field of nanomaterials-enhanced biosensing methods for HCC diagnosis by highlighting a number of representative works. Particular attention is focused on different types of HCC-related biomarkers, including nucleic acid, protein, HCC cells and cell-derived exosomes.

肝细胞癌（HCC）占原发性肝癌的主要部分，这是全世界最危险的恶性肿瘤之一。尽管尽早发现和治疗可以大大改善患者的健康状况，但是大多数HCC患者仍无法及时诊断和处理，因为症状不明显，且早期难以检查。为了应对这一挑战，通过将HCC相关生物标记物的特定识别元素与不同的纳米材料相结合，迅速开发出了增强纳米材料的HCC生物传感方法。这些方法证明了在体内和体外对HCC相关检测的高灵敏度和选择性，因此在早期诊断中起着关键作用。这篇综述旨在通过重点介绍一些具有代表性的工作，概述纳米材料增强的HCC诊断生物传感方法的最新进展。特别关注的是不同类型的HCC相关生物标记，包括核酸，蛋白质，HCC细胞和细胞衍生的外泌体。