Aquatic chemical sensors have experienced rapid development in recent years largely due to advances in the fields of nanotechnology. Accurate in situ monitoring of nutrients is fundamental to understanding the biogeochemistry of aquatic ecosystems and is necessary for the sustainable utilization of water resources. Although many sensor technologies can achieve nM detection levels, quality assurance and reliability for long-term sensing in complex environments is still lacking. Furthermore, some sensors suffer from sensitivity to high background ion concentration. This review aims to address these challenges by highlighting recent improvements in aquatic chemical sensors to monitor nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂^-), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) ion concentrations in water. The review critically analyses and compares the performance of these chemical sensors with a particular emphasis on their capability for long-term in situ water monitoring. We also provide an overview on some crucial problems significantly affecting the analytical performance of the sensors. Finally, this review details some recommendations and future directions for improving sensing accuracy and robustness.

近年来，由于纳米技术领域的进步，水生化学传感器经历了快速发展。对养分进行准确的原位监测是了解水生生态系统生物地球化学的基础，对于水资源的可持续利用是必不可少的。尽管许多传感器技术可以达到nM检测水平，但是仍然缺乏在复杂环境中进行长期传感的质量保证和可靠性。此外，一些传感器对高背景离子浓度敏感。本文旨在通过突出显示在水生化学传感器最近的改进，以硝酸盐监视器以应对这些挑战（NO ₃ ^- ），亚硝酸根（NO ₂ ^- ），铵（NH ₄ ⁺）和水中的磷酸盐（PO ₄ ^3-）离子浓度。审查严格地分析和比较了这些化学传感器的性能，并特别强调了它们对长期原位水监测的能力。我们还概述了一些严重影响传感器分析性能的关键问题。最后，本文详细介绍了一些建议和未来的方向，以提高传感精度和鲁棒性。