Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key structure in dorsal attention network (DAN) that facilitates sustained attention by modulating activity in task related and unrelated regions of the brain. Alpha and theta frequency bands enhance connectivity among different parts of the attention network and these connections are facilitated by long-range nonlinear connectivity in theta and alpha frequency bands. This study is an investigation of the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of alpha and theta frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over RDLPFC. 20 healthy participants were randomly assigned to two groups of theta (n = 11, f = 6 Hz) and alpha (n = 9, f = 10 Hz) rTMS. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before and after each session while resting and performing tasks. Current source density (CSD) and functional connectivity (FC) in DAN and default mode network (DMN) and their correlations with rapid visual information processing task (RVIP) scores were calculated . Alpha frequency rTMS resulted in significant changes in RVIP scores. Active theta rTMS caused an increase in CSD in Postcentral gyrus and active alpha rTMS resulted in significant CSD changes in inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Theta lagged nonlinear connectivity was mudulated by alpha rTMSand FC changes were observed in DAN and DMN. Positive correlations were observed between DAN regions and RVIP scores in the alpha rTMS group. Increased activity in theta frequency band in left aPFC and left DLPFC correlated positively with higher total hits in RVIP. This study showed for the first time that theta and alpha frequency rTMS are able to modulate FC in DAN and DMN in a way that results in better performance in a sustained attention task.

背外侧前额叶皮层 (DLPFC) 是背侧注意力网络 (DAN) 的关键结构，它通过调节大脑任务相关和无关区域的活动来促进持续注意力。Alpha 和 theta 频带增强了注意力网络不同部分之间的连接性，而这些连接是由 theta 和 alpha 频带中的长程非线性连接性促进的。这项研究是对阿尔法和西塔频率重复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS) 对 RDLPFC 的行为和电生理影响的调查。20 名健康参与者被随机分配到两组 theta (n = 11, f = 6 Hz) 和 alpha (n = 9, f = 10 Hz) rTMS。在每次休息和执行任务之前和之后记录脑电图 (EEG)。计算了 DAN 和默认模式网络 (DMN) 中的电流源密度 (CSD) 和功能连接性 (FC) 及其与快速视觉信息处理任务 (RVIP) 分数的相关性。阿尔法频率 rTMS 导致 RVIP 分数的显着变化。活跃的 theta rTMS 导致中央后回的 CSD 增加，而活跃的 alpha rTMS 导致下顶叶 (IPL) 的 CSD 显着变化。Theta 滞后非线性连接被 alpha rTMS 调制，在 DAN 和 DMN 中观察到 FC 变化。在 alpha rTMS 组中，在 DAN 区域和 RVIP 分数之间观察到正相关。左侧 aPFC 和左侧 DLPFC 中 theta 频带的活动增加与 RVIP 中较高的总命中率呈正相关。