Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a non-toxic and cheap photovoltaic absorber material, however, many challenges still remain for the successful fabrication of these devices. In this study, CZTS was deposited with CdS, a commonly used buffer layer, using different spray coating procedures (i.e., two-step, single-step and graded deposition techniques), to demonstrate a facile and rapid fabrication technique of creating CZTS:CdS photovoltaic devices. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology of the deposited films, showing that the two-step, single-step and the graded deposition with 2 s of overlap time produced clear and defined layers. However, when the overlap time exceeded 4 s the layer became less defined, thicker and less dense, resulting in failed photovoltaic devices. This was attributed to the additional source of air during the deposition period, resulting in air being trapped by the deposited precursor, which therefore forms more foam-like functional layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reflected this change in morphology, with graded samples above 4 s displaying no obvious CZTS peaks, suggesting an ineffective decomposition route. Depositions using a two-step, single-step and the graded deposition technique with 2 s of overlap time were shown to form functional photovoltaic devices, with a 2 s graded overlap performing three times better than the ungraded samples, resulting in an improved power conversion efficiency of 0.41%. It is important to highlight that the device prepared with a 2 s graded interface significantly increased the current peak performance of CZTS photovoltaic devices deposited using xanthate precursors.

中文翻译：

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通过喷涂快速制备 Cu2ZnSnS4:CdS 梯度界面

Cu2ZnSnS4（CZTS）是一种无毒且廉价的光伏吸收材料，然而，这些器件的成功制造仍然存在许多挑战。在这项研究中，使用不同的喷涂程序（即两步、单步和分级沉积技术），用 CdS（一种常用的缓冲层）沉积 CZTS，以展示创建 CZTS:CdS 的简便快速制造技术光伏器件。扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 用于确定沉积膜的形态，表明两步、单步和重叠时间为 2 秒的渐变沉积产生清晰明确的层。然而，当重叠时间超过 4 秒时，层变得不那么明确、更厚和更不致密，导致光伏器件失效。这归因于沉积期间额外的空气源，导致空气被沉积的前体捕获，因此形成了更多的泡沫状功能层。X 射线衍射 (XRD) 分析反映了这种形态变化，4 秒以上的分级样品没有显示明显的 CZTS 峰，表明分解路线无效。使用两步、单步和重叠时间为 2 秒的渐变沉积技术进行沉积，可形成功能性光伏器件，2 秒渐变重叠的性能是未渐变样品的三倍，从而提高了功率转换效率为 0.41%。