The biomechanics of a golf swing have been of interest to golfers, instructors, and biomechanists. In addition to the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of multi-segments of body, the closed-chain body posture as a result of both hands holding a club together makes it difficult to fully analyze the 3D kinetics of a golf swing. To identify the hand-grip joint force and torque applied by each hand, we directly measured the 3D internal grip force of nine registered professional golfers using an instrumented grip. A six-axis force-torque sensor was connected to a custom-made axially separated grip, which was then connected to a driver shaft using a manufactured screw thread. Subjects participated in two sessions of data collection featuring five driver swings with both a regular and customized sensor-embedded grip, respectively. Internal grip force measurement and upper limb kinematics were used to calculate the joint force and torque of the nine-linkage closed-chain of the upper limb and club using 3D inverse dynamics. Direct measurement of internal grip forces revealed a threefold greater right-hand torque application compared to the left hand, and counterforce by both hands was also found. The joint force and torque of the left arm tended to precede that of the right arm, the majority of which had peaks around the impact and showed a larger magnitude than that of the left arm. Due to the practical challenge of measuring internal force, heuristic estimation methods based on club kinematics showed fair approximation. Our results suggest that measuring the internal forces of the closed-chain posture could identify redundant joint kinetics and further propose a heuristic approximation.

中文翻译：

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具有测量的内部握力的高尔夫球挥杆的三维上肢关节动力学。

高尔夫挥杆的生物力学已引起高尔夫球手，教练和生物力学的兴趣。除了多段身体的三维（3D）动力学的复杂性之外，由于两只手将球杆放在一起而产生的闭链身体姿势使得难以全面分析高尔夫挥杆动作的3D动力学。为了确定每只手的握力和扭矩，我们使用仪器握持力直接测量了9名注册职业高尔夫球手的3D内部握持力。六轴力扭矩传感器连接到定制的轴向分离手柄，然后使用制造的螺纹连接到驱动器轴。受试者参加了两次数据收集，分别具有常规和定制传感器嵌入式握把的五个驾驶员挥杆动作。使用内部握力测量和上肢运动学，使用3D逆向动力学方法计算上肢和球杆的九连杆闭链的关节力和扭矩。直接测量内部抓地力显示出施加的左手扭矩比左手大三倍，并且还发现了双手的反作用力。左臂的关节力和扭矩倾向于先于右臂的关节力和扭矩，其中大部分在冲击附近具有峰值，并且显示出比左臂更大的幅度。由于测量内力的实际挑战，基于球杆运动学的启发式估计方法显示出合理的近似值。