Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is vital to global food security. Climate change is threatening sustainable wheat production not only with direct negative effects on crop growth but also with a profound impact on pest biology and management. This review presents a critical analysis of the impact of key climate change elements, including drought, high temperature and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on biology, ecology and behaviour of wheat pests. Climate change is expected to favour the growth, virulence, multiplication, persistence and range expansion of most serious wheat pests. Rapid climatic changes are opening new geographic windows for disease outbreaks, insect attacks and weed infestations in wheat crops across the globe. Wheat–pest interactions are also favourable for pests in most cases where one or more climate change elements come into play. Existing pest management options are not successful under these circumstances. Climate change has a direct negative effect on the efficacy of existing control options, which increases pest virulence and their competitive ability, pest resistance to pesticides and pest–environment interactions, leading to inadequate pest control and substantial crop yield losses. Integrated pest management approaches, based on innovative and traditional pest control strategies, may be more appropriate in the changing climate. Proactive measures, including early detection and eradication by frequent pest-scouting, preventive control, and forecasting of potential outbreaks or new introductions by predictive modelling, could help in this regard. A better understanding of the changing pest biology, interactions and management strategies presented here is inevitable for successful pest management and sustainable wheat production under the changing climate.

中文翻译：

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气候变化对小麦害虫生物学和管理的影响

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生产对全球粮食安全至关重要。气候变化正在威胁可持续的小麦生产，不仅对作物生长产生直接负面影响，而且对害虫生物学和管理产生深远影响。本综述对关键气候变化因素（包括干旱、高温和大气二氧化碳水平升高）对小麦害虫生物学、生态学和行为的影响进行了批判性分析。预计气候变化将有利于最严重的小麦害虫的生长、毒力、繁殖、持久性和范围扩大。快速的气候变化为全球小麦作物的疾病爆发、昆虫袭击和杂草侵扰打开了新的地理窗口。在一种或多种气候变化因素发挥作用的大多数情况下，小麦-害虫相互作用也有利于害虫。在这些情况下，现有的害虫管理方案并不成功。气候变化对现有控制方案的功效有直接的负面影响，这会增加害虫的毒力及其竞争能力、害虫对杀虫剂的抵抗力以及害虫与环境的相互作用，导致害虫控制不足和农作物产量大幅下降。在不断变化的气候中，基于创新和传统害虫控制策略的综合虫害管理方法可能更合适。主动措施，包括通过频繁的害虫侦察、预防控制以及通过预测模型预测潜在爆发或新引入的早期发现和根除，可以在这方面提供帮助。在不断变化的气候下，更好地了解不断变化的害虫生物学、相互作用和管理策略对于成功的害虫管理和可持续的小麦生产是不可避免的。