Abstract Working with collaborative robots (cobots) can be a potential source of stress for their operators. However, research on specific factors that affect users’ stress levels when working with a cobot is still scarce. This study is the first to investigate the levels of psychological (primary and secondary stress appraisal) and physiological (heart rate) stress in human operators working in two different cobot modes (i.e., manual and autonomous). We applied an experimental within-subject repeated-measures design to 45 healthy adults (26 women, 19 men). The results show that the levels of secondary stress appraisal were lower and the heart rate levels were higher in the autonomous cobot mode. The results suggest that, when working with a cobot, control plays a key role in the emotional, cognitive, and physiological reactions during the human-robot collaboration. Implications for organizational practice are discussed.

中文翻译：

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与协作机器人协作的手动和自主模式的压力

摘要 使用协作机器人 (cobots) 可能是操作员的潜在压力来源。然而，关于在使用协作机器人时影响用户压力水平的特定因素的研究仍然很少。本研究首次调查了在两种不同协作机器人模式（即手动和自主）下工作的人类操作员的心理（初级和次级压力评估）和生理（心率）压力水平。我们对 45 名健康成人（26 名女性，19 名男性）应用了实验性的受试者内重复测量设计。结果表明，在自主协作机器人模式下，二次压力评估水平较低，心率水平较高。结果表明，与协作机器人一起工作时，控制在情感、认知、和人机协作过程中的生理反应。讨论了对组织实践的影响。