This research investigated the concept of a two-step acidic and thermal treatment for glucose extraction and levulinic acid (LA) production from food waste using dilute hydrochloric acid (DHA) as a catalyst, and subsequently analyzed the properties of the resulting humins. Glucose extraction was performed under various reaction conditions (reaction temperature range: 120-190 °C, DHA concentration range: 0.2-0.5% v/v); the glucose extraction yield of the acidic treatment step reached 83.17% under the optimal conditions (150 °C in 0.5% DHA). LA production was achieved during the thermal treatment step, which was investigated using two independent experiments to determine the influence of the reaction conditions (reaction time: 5-140min, concentration factor: 1.5-3.0, reaction temperature: 160-190 °C). The LA production process was affected by the concentration factor and the reaction temperature due to the low pH of solution and the rapid reaction rate, respectively. The thermal stability of the humins was highest at a concentration factor of 3.0 because of the 13.07 C/H ratio of the humins.

中文翻译：

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通过使用稀盐酸对餐厨垃圾进行两步酸化和热处理来生产乙酰丙酸

本研究调查了使用稀盐酸 (DHA) 作为催化剂从食物垃圾中提取葡萄糖和生产乙酰丙酸 (LA) 的两步酸和热处理概念，并随后分析了所得腐殖质的性质。葡萄糖提取在各种反应条件下进行（反应温度范围：120-190℃，DHA浓度范围：0.2-0.5% v/v）；在最佳条件下（150°C，0.5% DHA），酸性处理步骤的葡萄糖提取率达到83.17%。LA 生产是在热处理步骤中实现的，使用两个独立的实验进行研究以确定反应条件的影响（反应时间：5-140 分钟，浓缩系数：1.5-3.0，反应温度：160-190 °C）。由于溶液的低pH值和快速反应速率，LA生产过程分别受浓缩因子和反应温度的影响。由于腐殖质的 C/H 比为 13.07，腐殖质的热稳定性在浓度因子为 3.0 时最高。