The age of Trichogramma parasitoids could influence biological traits which are of great importance for effectiveness of mass rearing systems. Recent studies demonstrated that Trichogramma ostriniae (TO) could parasitize Antheraea pernyi eggs through multiparasitism along with other Trichogramma species, although few adults could emerge successfully. It is important to characterize the factors modulating the performance of TO on A. pernyi eggs, notably in order to try enhancing its quantitative emergence through multiparasitism for further use in biological control. In this context, irrespective of host age, we tested different ages of TO females (from 0.5-day- to 6-day-old postemergence) in multiparasitism with Trichogramma chilonis (TC) on A. pernyi eggs. The results of the present study confirmed that TO parasitism on A. pernyi eggs was largely age dependent. Higher percentage of multiparasitism and higher number of emerged TO adults were recorded in the treatment where 3-day-old TO females were used for parasitization with TC on A. pernyi host. In addition, we also tested different female ratios of both Trichogramma species to find out an optimal ratio for use in mass production. The highest percentage of multiparasitism, emergence and optimum emerged number of TO (per A. pernyi egg) was observed with the ratio 3:2 (TO:TC) per 1 host egg. This study demonstrated that the age of TO females can significantly affect their performance in multiparasitism of large A. pernyi eggs. These results prompt for more research in order to develop an effective multiparasitism-based production of TO at the industrial scale.

中文翻译：

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赤眼蜂寄生虫年龄对中华栎蚕An宿主卵中多寄生性结局的影响

赤眼蜂寄生虫的年龄可能会影响生物学特征，这对于大规模饲养系统的有效性至关重要。最近的研究表明，玉米螟赤眼蜂（TO）可寄生柞蚕通过与其他一起multiparasitism卵 赤眼蜂品种，虽然几个大人可以成功出现。表征调节TO对A. pernyi表现的因素很重要卵，特别是为了尝试通过多寄生来增强其定量出现，以进一步用于生物防治。在这种情况下，无论寄主的年龄如何，我们都在百日草卵上与毛细眼衣原体（TC）进行了多寄生性试验，测试了不同年龄的TO雌性（从0.5天到6天大）出苗。本研究的结果证实，对pernyi卵的TO寄生在很大程度上取决于年龄。在治疗中记录到更高的多寄生性百分率和出现的成年TO成人数量，其中使用3天大的TO雌性对A. pernyi宿主进行TC寄生。此外，我们还测试了两种赤眼蜂女性比例 种类以找到用于大规模生产的最佳比例。的multiparasitism，出苗和最佳的最高百分比出现TO（每数柞蚕卵）观察与所述比为3：2（TO：TC）每1个主机蛋。这项研究表明，TO雌性的年龄可以显着影响其在大型A. pernyi卵的多寄生性中的表现。这些结果促使人们进行更多的研究，以便在工业规模上开发有效的基于多寄生性的TO生产方法。