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Rethinking groundwater flow on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, USA: characterizing recharge sources and flow paths with environmental tracers
Hydrogeology Journal ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s10040-020-02193-z
John E. Solder , Kimberly R. Beisner , Jessica Anderson , Don J. Bills

In the arid landscape south of the Grand Canyon, natural springs and seeps are a critical resource for endemic species and Native American tribes. Groundwater is potentially threatened by expanding populations, tourism, and mineral extraction activities. Environmental tracers, including noble gases, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water, tritium, and carbon-14, were used to characterize recharge sources and flow paths in South Rim aquifers. Results confirm the regional Redwall-Muav aquifer is the primary groundwater source to springs. However, a second local recharge source is required to explain the detection of tritium. Probable sources are: (1) low-elevation infiltration of surface run-off with warm recharge temperatures and high excess air determined from noble gas models, and relatively low fractions of winter recharge, and (2) high-elevation plateau recharge with cool recharge temperatures, low excess air, and fraction of winter recharge of approximately 1. Previous investigators have linked spring occurrence with regional faults and fractures. Such features also likely control the chemical mixing between the regional and local groundwater sources, the transport of deeply sourced and local recharge fluids, groundwater age, and thus the relative vulnerability of groundwater to depletion and contamination. The new conceptual model of groundwater sources and flow paths suggests that many South Rim springs may respond on the order of tens to hundreds of years to groundwater depletion and contamination, even though the majority of groundwater flow is along longer flow paths with longer lag times. The magnitude of response to short-term changes in the flow system remains unclear.



中文翻译:

重新思考美国大峡谷南缘的地下水流动:利用环境示踪剂表征补给源和流动路径

在大峡谷以南的干旱地区,天然泉水和渗水是当地特有物种和美洲原住民部落的重要资源。人口,旅游业和矿产开采活动的扩大可能对地下水构成威胁。环境示踪剂包括稀有气体,水,tri和碳14中氢和氧的稳定同位素,用于表征南缘含水层的补给源和流路。结果证实,该地区的Redwall-Muav含水层是泉水的主要地下水来源。但是,需要第二个本地充电源来解释the的检测。可能的来源是:(1)根据稀有气体模型确定的温暖补给温度和高过量空气导致地表径流低海拔渗透,而冬季补给的比例相对较低,(2)高原补给,补给温度较低,空气过少,冬季补给的比例约为1。以前的研究人员将春季的发生与区域断层和裂缝联系起来。这些特征还可能控制区域和局部地下水源之间的化学混合,深层和局部补给流体的输送,地下水年龄,以及因此地下水相对易耗竭和污染的脆弱性。新的地下水源和流动路径概念模型表明,即使大部分地下水流沿较长的流动路径且滞后时间较长,许多南缘泉水对地下水的消耗和污染的响应可能长达数十至数百年。

更新日期:2020-06-30
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