Purpose: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with microbial accumulation. The purpose of this study was to reuse the agricultural waste to produce cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and further modification of the CNF with κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides (CO) for drug delivery. In addition, this study is focused on the antimicrobial activity of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF towards periodontal pathogens.
Materials and Methods: A chemo-mechanical method was used to extract the CNF and the modification was done by using CO. The studies were further proceeded by adding different quantities of surfactin [50 mg (50 SNPs), 100 mg (100 SNPs), 200 mg (200 SNPs)] into the carrier (CO-CNF). The obtained materials were characterized, and the antimicrobial activity of surfactin-loaded CO-CNF was evaluated.
Results: The obtained average size of CNF and CO-CNF after ultrasonication was 263 nm and 330 nm, respectively. Microscopic studies suggested that the CNF has a short diameter with long length and CO became cross-linked to form as beads within the CNF network. The addition of CO improved the degradation temperature, crystallinity, and swelling property of CNF. The material has a controlled drug release, and the entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of the drug were 53.15 ± 2.36% and 36.72 ± 1.24%, respectively. It has antioxidant activity and inhibited the growth of periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by preventing the biofilm formation, reducing the metabolic activity, and promoting the oxidative stress.
Conclusion: The study showed the successful extraction of CNF and modification with CO improved the physical parameters of the CNF. In addition, surfactin-loaded CO-CNF has potential antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. The obtained biomaterial is economically valuable and has great potential for biomedical applications.

Keywords: periodontitis, cellulose nanofibers, κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides, drug delivery, antimicrobial activity


中文翻译：

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载有表面活性素的 ĸ-卡拉胶寡糖缠绕纤维素纳米纤维作为对抗牙周病原体的多功能载体。

目的：牙周炎是一种与微生物聚集有关的慢性炎症性疾病。本研究的目的是再利用农业废料生产纤维素纳米纤维 (CNF)，并用 κ-角叉菜胶寡糖 (CO) 进一步修饰 CNF 以用于药物输送。此外，本研究的重点是载有表面活性素的 CO-CNF 对牙周病原体的抗菌活性。
材料和方法：使用化学机械方法提取 CNF，并通过使用 CO 进行修饰。通过添加不同数量的 surfactin [50 mg (50 SNP)、100 mg (100 SNP)、200 mg (200 SNPs)] 进入载体 (CO-CNF)。对所获得的材料进行了表征，并评估了负载表面活性素的 CO-CNF 的抗菌活性。
结果：超声处理后获得的 CNF 和 CO-CNF 的平均尺寸分​​别为 263 nm 和 330 nm。显微镜研究表明，CNF 直径短，长度长，CO 交联形成 CNF 网络内的珠子。CO的添加提高了CNF的降解温度、结晶度和溶胀性。该材料药物释放可控，药物包封率和载药量分别为53.15±2.36%和36.72±1.24%。它具有抗氧化活性，通过阻止生物膜形成、降低代谢活性和促进氧化应激来抑制变形链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌等牙周病原体的生长。
结论：研究表明，CNF 的成功提取和 CO 改性改善了 CNF 的物理参数。此外，负载表面活性素的 CO-CNF 对牙周病原体具有潜在的抗菌活性。所获得的生物材料具有经济价值，具有巨大的生物医学应用潜力。

关键词:牙周炎, 纤维素纳米纤维, κ-卡拉胶寡糖, 药物递送, 抗菌活性