Intermittently powered embedded devices ensure forward progress of programs through state checkpointing in non-volatile memory. Checkpointing is, however, expensive in energy and adds to the execution times. To minimize this overhead, we present DICE, a system that renders differential checkpointing profitable on these devices. DICE is unique because it is a software-only technique and efficient because it only operates in volatile main memory to evaluate the differential. DICE may be integrated with reactive (Hibernus) or proactive (MementOS, HarvOS) checkpointing systems, and arbitrary code can be enabled with DICE using automatic code-instrumentation requiring no additional programmer effort. By reducing the cost of checkpoints, DICE cuts the peak energy demand of these devices, allowing operation with energy buffers that are one-eighth of the size originally required, thus leading to benefits such as smaller device footprints and faster recharging to operational voltage level. The impact on final performance is striking: with DICE, Hibernus requires one order of magnitude fewer checkpoints and one order of magnitude shorter time to complete a workload in real-world settings.

中文翻译：

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用于间歇计算的快速且节能的状态检查点

间歇供电的嵌入式设备通过非易失性存储器中的状态检查点确保程序的前进。然而，检查点在能源上是昂贵的，并且会增加执行时间。为了最大限度地减少这种开销，我们提出了 DICE，一个在这些设备上使差异检查点盈利的系统。DICE 是独一无二的，因为它是一种纯软件技术，而且效率很高，因为它只在易失性主存储器中运行以评估差分。DICE 可以与反应式（Hibernus）或主动式（MementOS、HarvOS）检查点系统集成，并且可以使用 DICE 启用任意代码，无需额外的程序员工作。通过降低检查点的成本，DICE 降低了这些设备的峰值能源需求，允许使用原来所需尺寸的八分之一的能量缓冲器进行操作，从而带来诸如更小的设备占位面积和更快地充电到工作电压水平等好处。对最终性能的影响是惊人的：使用 DICE，Hibernus 需要少一个数量级的检查点和一个数量级的更短时间来完成实际设置中的工作负载。