Multitier programming deals with developing the components that pertain to different tiers in the system (e.g., client and server), mixing them in the same compilation unit. In this paradigm, the code for different tiers is then either generated at run time or it results from the compiler splitting the codebase into components that belong to different tiers based on user annotations, static analysis, types, or a combination of these. In the Web context, multitier languages aim at reducing the distinction between client and server code, by translating the code that is to be executed on the clients to JavaScript or by executing JavaScript on the server, too. Ultimately, the goal of the multitier approach is to improve program comprehension, simplify maintenance and enable formal reasoning about the properties of the whole distributed application. A number of multitier research languages have been proposed over the last decade, which support various degrees of multitier programming and explore different design tradeoffs. In this article, we provide an overview of the existing solutions, discuss their positioning in the design space, and outline open research problems.

中文翻译：

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多层编程的调查

多层编程处理开发属于不同的组件层级在系统中（例如，客户端和服务器），将它们混合在同一个编译单元中。在此范例中，不同层的代码要么在运行时生成，要么由编译器根据用户注释、静态分析、类型或这些组合将代码库拆分为属于不同层的组件而产生。在 Web 上下文中，多层语言旨在减少客户端代码和服务器代码之间的区别，方法是将要在客户端上执行的代码转换为 JavaScript，或者也在服务器上执行 JavaScript。最终，多层方法的目标是提高程序理解、简化维护并实现对程序属性的正式推理。所有的分布式应用。在过去的十年中，已经提出了许多多层研究语言，它们支持不同程度的多层编程并探索不同的设计权衡。在本文中，我们概述了现有的解决方案，讨论了它们在设计空间中的定位，并概述了开放的研究问题。