Millions of people suffer from different types of skin diseases worldwide. In the last decade, the development of nanocarriers has been the focus of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to enhance the performance of their products, and to meet consumers’ demands. Several delivery systems have been developed to improve the efficiency and minimize possible side effects. In this study, retinyl palmitate and Dead Sea water loaded nanoemulsions were developed as carriers to treat skin conditions such as photoaging, psoriasis, or atopic dermatitis. Toxicity profiles were carried out by means of viability, cell membrane asymmetry study, evaluation of oxidative stress induction (reactive oxygen species), and inflammation via cytokines production with a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and a mouse embryo fibroblasts cell line (BALB/3T3). Results showed that loaded nanoemulsions were found to be non-cytotoxic under the conditions of the study. Furthermore, no oxidative stress induction was observed. Likewise, an efficacy test of these loaded nanoemulsions was also tested on human skin organ cultures, before and after ultraviolet B light treatment. Viability and caspase-3 production assessment, in response to the exposure of skin explants to the loaded nanoemulsions, indicated non-toxic effects on human skin in culture, both with and without ultraviolet B irradiation. Further the ability of loaded nanoemulsions to protect the skin against ultraviolet B damage was assessed on skin explants reducing significantly the apoptotic activation after ultraviolet B irradiation. Our promising results indicate that the developed loaded nanoemulsions may represent a topical drug delivery system to be used as an alternative treatment for recurrent skin diseases.

中文翻译：

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棕榈酸视黄酯和死海水负载纳米乳剂用于皮肤病局部治疗的制备、表征和生物学评价

全世界有数百万人患有不同类型的皮肤病。在过去的十年中，纳米载体的开发一直是制药和化妆品行业的重点，以提高其产品的性能并满足消费者的需求。已经开发了几种递送系统以提高效率并最大限度地减少可能的副作用。在这项研究中，开发了棕榈酸视黄酯和载有死海水的纳米乳液作为载体来治疗光老化、银屑病或特应性皮炎等皮肤病。通过活力、细胞膜不对称性研究、氧化应激诱导（活性氧）评估以及通过人角质形成细胞系 (HaCaT) 和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞系 (BALB/ 3T3)。结果表明，在研究条件下发现负载的纳米乳剂是无细胞毒性的。此外，没有观察到氧化应激诱导。同样，在紫外线 B 光处理之前和之后，还在人体皮肤器官培养物中测试了这些负载的纳米乳剂的功效测试。对皮肤外植体暴露于负载的纳米乳剂的活力和 caspase-3 生产评估表明，无论有没有紫外线 B 照射，对培养中的人类皮肤均无毒作用。此外，在皮肤外植体上评估了负载纳米乳剂保护皮肤免受紫外线 B 损伤的能力，显着降低了紫外线 B 照射后的细胞凋亡激活。