Wheat stem rust causes by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is a serious threat to wheat production all over the world. This study evaluated the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis, B. polymyxa and B. megaterium, Eugenol and leaf extract of Artemisia cina against the disease, and the involved mechanisms in disease resistance. B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments inhibited spore germination and increased incubation and latent periods than other treatments. Additionally, the lowest infection type, pustule length and pustule width, and receptivity (no. of pustules) were recorded in case of B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments compared with the check control. The best results in disease assessment were achieved by foliar spray application 24 h before and after inoculation. Abnormalities, lysis, collapse, and shrinking of urediniospores were recorded in treated leaves. The activities of antioxidant defense enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), were significantly increased in B. subtilis and Eugenol treatments. On the other hand, electrolyte leakage was decreased. The active compounds in B. subtilis were revealed by utilizing GC-MS analysis.

中文翻译：

---

非传统方法控制小麦茎锈病的案例研究

小麦杆锈病是由Puccinia graminis f引起的。sp。小麦对全世界的小麦生产构成严重威胁。这项研究评估了枯草芽孢杆菌，多粘芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌，丁香油和青蒿的叶提取物对疾病的功效，以及在抗病性中涉及的机制。枯草芽孢杆菌和丁香酚处理比其他处理抑制孢子萌发并增加了潜伏期和潜伏期。此外，与对照对照组相比，枯草芽孢杆菌和丁香酚治疗的感染类型，脓疱长度和脓疱宽度以及接受性（脓疱数量）最低。在接种前和接种后24 h通过叶面喷洒获得最佳的疾病评估结果。异常，溶解，崩溃，在处理过的叶片中记录到了梭梭的收缩和收缩。在枯草芽孢杆菌和丁香酚处理中，抗氧化防御酶（过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO））的活性显着增加。另一方面，电解液泄漏减少。利用GC-MS分析揭示了枯草芽孢杆菌中的活性化合物。