Herbicide-resistant weeds pose a severe threat to sustainable vegetation management in various production systems worldwide. The majority of the herbicide resistance cases reported thus far originate from agronomic production systems where herbicide use is intensive, especially in industrialized countries. Another notable sector with heavy reliance on herbicides for weed control is managed turfgrass systems, particularly golf courses and athletic fields. Intensive use of herbicides, coupled with a lack of tillage and other mechanical tools that are options in agronomic systems, increases the risk of herbicide-resistant weeds evolving in managed turfgrass systems. Among the notable weed species at high risk for evolving resistance under managed turf systems in the United States are annual bluegrass, goosegrass, and crabgrasses. The evolution and spread of multiple herbicide resistance, an emerging threat facing the turfgrass industry, should be addressed with the use of diversified management tools. Target-site resistance has been reported commonly as a mechanism of resistance for many herbicide groups, though non–target site resistance is an emerging concern. Despite the anecdotal evidence of the mounting weed resistance issues in managed turf systems, the lack of systematic and periodic surveys at regional and national scales means that confirmed reports are very limited and sparse. Furthermore, currently available information is widely scattered in the literature. This review provides a concise summary of the current status of herbicide-resistant weeds in managed turfgrass systems in the United States and highlights key emerging threats.

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草坪草中的抗除草剂杂草：现状和新出现的威胁

抗除草剂杂草对全球各种生产系统的可持续植被管理构成严重威胁。迄今为止报告的大多数除草剂抗药性案例都来自除草剂使用密集的农艺生产系统，特别是在工业化国家。另一个严重依赖除草剂控制杂草的值得注意的领域是管理草坪系统，特别是高尔夫球场和运动场。大量使用除草剂，加上缺乏耕作和其他农艺系统可选的机械工具，增加了管理的草坪系统中出现抗除草剂杂草的风险。在美国管理的草坪系统下，具有高抗性进化风险的值得注意的杂草物种包括一年生早熟禾、鹅草和马唐。多种除草剂抗性的演变和传播是草坪产业面临的新威胁，应使用多样化的管理工具来解决。据报道，靶点抗性通常是许多除草剂组的抗性机制，尽管非靶点抗性是一个新兴问题。尽管有传闻表明管理的草坪系统中杂草抗性问题越来越严重，但在区域和国家范围内缺乏系统和定期的调查意味着确认的报告非常有限和稀少。此外，目前可用的信息广泛散布在文献中。这篇综述简要总结了美国管理的草坪系统中抗除草剂杂草的现状，并强调了主要的新兴威胁。