Immunometabolism plays a fundamental role in health and diseases and involves multiple genes and signals. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1; also known as IRG1) is emerging as a regulator of immunometabolism in inflammation and infection. Upregulation of ACOD1 expression occurs in activated immune cells (e.g., macrophages and monocytes) in response to pathogen infection (e.g., bacteria and viruses), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (e.g., LPS), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., monosodium urate). Mechanistically, several immune receptors (e.g., TLRs and IFNAR), adapter proteins (e.g., MYD88), ubiquitin ligases (e.g., A20), and transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs) form complex signal transduction networks to control ACOD1 expression in a context-dependent manner. Functionally, ACOD1 mediates itaconate production, oxidative stress, and antigen processing and plays dual roles in immunity and diseases. On the one hand, activation of the ACOD1 pathway may limit pathogen infection and promote embryo implantation. On the other hand, abnormal ACOD1 expression can lead to tumor progression, neurodegenerative disease, and immune paralysis. Further understanding of the function and regulation of ACOD1 is important for the application of ACOD1-based therapeutic strategies in disease.

免疫代谢在健康和疾病中起着重要作用，涉及多个基因和信号。乌头酸脱羧酶 1（ACOD1；也称为 IRG1）正在成为炎症和感染中免疫代谢的调节剂。ACOD1 表达上调发生在激活的免疫细胞（例如巨噬细胞和单核细胞）中，以响应病原体感染（例如细菌和病毒）、病原体相关分子模式分子（例如 LPS）、细胞因子（例如 TNF 和 IFN）、和损伤相关的分子模式（例如，尿酸钠）。从机制上讲，几种免疫受体（如 TLR 和 IFNAR）、衔接蛋白（如 MYD88）、泛素连接酶（如 A20）和转录因子（如 NF-κB、IRF 和 STAT）形成复杂的信号转导网络以以上下文相关的方式控制 ACOD1 表达。在功能上，ACOD1 介导衣康酸的产生、氧化应激和抗原加工，并在免疫和疾病中发挥双重作用。一方面，ACOD1通路的激活可能限制病原体感染并促进胚胎着床。另一方面，异常的 ACOD1 表达会导致肿瘤进展、神经退行性疾病和免疫麻痹。进一步了解 ACOD1 的功能和调节对于基于 ACOD1 的治疗策略在疾病中的应用很重要。神经退行性疾病和免疫麻痹。进一步了解 ACOD1 的功能和调节对于基于 ACOD1 的治疗策略在疾病中的应用很重要。神经退行性疾病和免疫麻痹。进一步了解 ACOD1 的功能和调节对于基于 ACOD1 的治疗策略在疾病中的应用很重要。