The South American and West Indian Casque‐headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) include 85 species. These are notably diverse in morphology (e.g. disparate levels of cranial hyperossification) and life history (e.g. different reproductive modes, chemical defences), have a wide distribution, and occupy habitats from the tropical rainforests to semiarid scrubland. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this hylid tribe based on sequence fragments of up to five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND1, COI, Cytb) and six nuclear genes (POMC, RAG‐1, RHOD, SIAH, TNS3, TYR). We included most of its species (> 96%), in addition to a number of new species. Our results indicate: (i) the paraphyly of Trachycephalus with respect to Aparasphenodon venezolanus; (ii) the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, with Argenteohyla siemersi, Corythomantis galeata and Nyctimantis rugiceps nested within it, and Ap. venezolanus nested within Trachycephalus; (iii) the polyphyly of Corythomantis; (iv) the nonmonophyly of the recognized species groups of Phyllodytes; and (v) a pervasive low support for the deep relationships among the major clades of Lophyohylini, including C. greeningi and the monotypic genera Itapotihyla and Phytotriades. To remedy the nonmonophyly of Aparasphenodon, Corythomantis, and Trachycephalus, we redefined Nyctimantis to include Aparasphenodon (with the exception of Ap. venezolanus, which we transferred to Trachycephalus), Argenteohyla, and C. galeata. Additionally, our results indicate the need for taxonomic work in the following clades: (i) Trachycephalus dibernardoi and Tr. imitatrix; (ii) Tr. atlas, Tr. mambaiensis and Tr. nigromaculatus; and (iii) Phyllodytes. On the basis of our phylogenetic results, we analyzed the evolution of skull hyperossification and reproductive biology, with emphasis on the multiple independent origins of phytotelm breeding, in the context of Anura. We also analyzed the inter‐related aspects of chemical defences, venom delivery, phragmotic behaviour, co‐ossification, and prevention of evaporative water loss.

中文翻译：

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Casque-headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) 的系统发育

南美洲和西印度 Casque 头树蛙（Hylidae：Hylinae：Lophyohylini）包括 85 种。它们在形态（例如不同程度的颅骨过度骨化）和生活史（例如不同的生殖方式、化学防御）方面显着不同，分布广泛，并占据从热带雨林到半干旱灌木丛的栖息地。在本文中，我们基于多达五个线粒体（12S、16S、ND1、COI、Cytb）和六个核基因（POMC、RAG-1、RHOD、SIAH、TNS3、蒂尔）。除了一些新物种外，我们还包括了它的大部分物种（> 96%）。我们的结果表明：(i) Trachycephalus相对于Aparasphenodon venezolanus的副系；(ii) Aparasphenodon 的非单系，其中Argenteohyla siemersi、Corythomantis galeata和Nyctimantis rugiceps嵌套在其中，以及Ap。venezolanus嵌套在Trachycephalus内；(iii) Corythomantis的多系；(iv) 已识别的叶状体物种群的非单一性; (v) 对 Lophyohylini 的主要进化枝之间的深层关系普遍缺乏支持，包括C. greeningi 和单型属Itapotihyla和Phytotriades。为了弥补Aparasphenodon、Corythomantis和Trachycephalus的非单一性，我们重新定义了 Nyctimantis以包括Aparasphenodon（除了我们将其转移到Trachycephalus的Ap. venezolanus）、Argenteohyla和C. galeata。此外，我们的结果表明需要在以下进化枝中进行分类工作：（i）Trachycephalus dibernardoi和Tr。模仿者; （二）Tr。阿特拉斯_ _ mambaiensis和Tr. 黑斑; (iii)叶状体。在我们的系统发育结果的基础上，我们分析了颅骨过度骨化和生殖生物学的演变，重点是在 Anura 的背景下植物繁殖的多个独立起源。我们还分析了化学防御、毒液输送、跨膜行为、共同骨化和防止蒸发性水分流失的相互关联的方面。