Additive manufacturing enables the generation of 3D structures with predefined shapes from a wide range of printable materials. However, most of the materials employed so far are static and do not provide any intrinsic programmability or pattern‐forming capability. Here, a low‐cost 3D bioprinting approach is developed, which is based on a commercially available extrusion printer that utilizes a DNA‐functionalized bioink, which allows to combine concepts developed in dynamic DNA nanotechnology with additive patterning techniques. Hybridization between diffusing DNA signal strands and immobilized anchor strands can be used to tune diffusion properties of the signals, or to localize DNA strands within the gel in a sequence‐programmable manner. Furthermore, strand displacement mechanisms can be used to direct simple pattern formation processes and to control the availability of DNA sequences at specific locations. To support printing of DNA‐functionalized gel voxels at arbitrary positions, an open source python script that generates machine‐readable code (GCODE) from simple vector graphics input is developed.

中文翻译：

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3D 打印 DNA 功能化水凝胶中 DNA 信号的编程扩散和定位。

增材制造能够从各种可打印材料生成具有预定义形状的 3D 结构。然而，迄今为止使用的大多数材料都是静态的，不提供任何内在的可编程性或图案形成能力。在这里，开发了一种低成本的 3D 生物打印方法，该方法基于市售的挤出打印机，该打印机利用 DNA 功能化的生物墨水，可以将动态 DNA 纳米技术中开发的概念与添加剂图案化技术相结合。扩散 DNA 信号链和固定锚链之间的杂交可用于调整信号的扩散特性，或以序列可编程方式定位凝胶内的 DNA 链。此外，链置换机制可用于指导简单的模式形成过程并控制特定位置 DNA 序列的可用性。为了支持在任意位置打印 DNA 功能化凝胶体素，开发了一种开源 python 脚本，该脚本可从简单的矢量图形输入生成机器可读代码 (GCODE)。