To avoid trophic mismatches, large herbivores should reschedule the breeding timing to keep in synchrony with the recent advance of plant phenology caused by climate change. To do so, individuals must track resources along two main non‐exclusive axes: time (rescheduling the breeding timing) and space (i.e., shifting their range). While the vast majority of studies have focused on the study of specific populations inhabiting small and homogeneous environments, little is known about the response of species across large regions with highly heterogeneous topographies. Here, we studied roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), an income breeder that has demonstrated a lack of phenotypic plasticity on birth timing in a densely forested lowland area, and evaluated its ability to track resources along a wide elevational gradient (288–2366 m a.s.l.). We used data from 8986 parturition events collected in Switzerland during the period 1971–2015. We hypothesize that the mismatch between roe deer parturition dates and peak resource availability will increase over the study period. In addition, we expect this mismatch to be larger in low areas compared to higher elevation areas. Contrary to previous studies, we did find a consistent, but small, trend toward more advance parturition dates through time across all elevations. However, this rate of advance was less than that of the plant phenology indicators, resulting in an increasing mismatch at all elevations. Parturition dates changed on average at a rate between 7.5 times slower than the growing season start and 5 times slower than the flowering start. Thus, at the lowest elevations, parturition timing has already fallen outside the optimal time window for high‐quality forage, while at high elevations, parturitions are still synchronized with the peak availability of quality forage. Our study emphasizes the need for large‐scale study designs along climatic gradients to help understand the complex relationships that shape adaptation across environments. This would allow for better understanding of how populations will respond to the new environmental conditions imposed by climate change.

中文翻译：

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先进的植物物候学现象导致收入育种者在较大海拔范围内的营养失配现象增加

为避免营养失配，大型草食动物应重新安排育种时间，以与气候变化引起的植物物候学的最新进展保持同步。为此，个人必须沿着两个非排他性的主要轴跟踪资源：时间（重新安排繁殖时间）和空间（即改变范围）。尽管绝大多数研究集中于对居住在小型且均质环境中的特定种群的研究，但对于地形高度异质的大区域中物种的反应知之甚少。在这里，我们研究了ro（Capreolus capreolus），这是一位收入繁殖者，在森林茂密的低地地区，其出生时机表现出缺乏表型可塑性，并评估了其在较大海拔梯度（288-2366 m asl）上追踪资源的能力。我们使用了1971-2015年期间在瑞士收集的8986例分娩事件的数据。我们假设ro的分娩日期与高峰资源可用性之间的不匹配将在研究期内增加。此外，我们预计与高海拔地区相比，低地区的这种不匹配会更大。与以前的研究相反，我们确实发现了一个一致的趋势，即在所有海拔高度上随着时间的推移分娩日期会提前的趋势。但是，这种提前率小于植物物候指标的提前率，导致在所有海拔高度上的不匹配增加。分娩日期的平均变化速度比生长季节开始时慢7.5倍，比开花开始时慢5倍。因此，在最低海拔处，分娩时间已超出高质量草料的最佳时间窗口，而在高海拔处，分娩时间仍与优质牧草的高峰可用性同步。我们的研究强调需要沿着气候梯度进行大规模研究设计，以帮助理解影响整个环境适应的复杂关系。这将使人们更好地了解人口将如何应对气候变化带来的新环境条件。分娩时间已经超出了优质牧草的最佳时间范围，而在高海拔时，分娩仍与优质牧草的高峰可用性同步。我们的研究强调需要沿着气候梯度进行大规模研究设计，以帮助理解影响整个环境适应的复杂关系。这将使人们更好地了解人口将如何应对气候变化带来的新环境条件。分娩时间已经超出了优质牧草的最佳时间范围，而在高海拔时，分娩仍与优质牧草的高峰可用性同步。我们的研究强调需要沿着气候梯度进行大规模研究设计，以帮助理解影响整个环境适应的复杂关系。这将使人们更好地了解人口将如何应对气候变化带来的新环境条件。我们的研究强调需要沿着气候梯度进行大规模研究设计，以帮助理解影响整个环境适应的复杂关系。这将使人们更好地了解人口将如何应对气候变化带来的新环境条件。我们的研究强调需要沿着气候梯度进行大规模研究设计，以帮助理解影响整个环境适应的复杂关系。这将使人们更好地了解人口将如何应对气候变化带来的新环境条件。