In order to meet climate goals, both CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) and CO₂ capture and utilization (CCU) have been identified as increasingly important technologies for mitigating CO₂ emissions that are difficult to avoid. In this work, the CO₂ utilization, or more specifically, the CO₂ conversion to fuels and urea, considering the large demand for CO₂, as well as the CO₂ mineralization are surveyed and reviewed. The content of this review includes technologies – all the way from the laboratory studies to the industrial applications – their current status, and future potential. CCS is included for a comparison concerning the costs. Also, aspects as the CO₂ impurities and the effect of it as well as various requirements concerning the CO₂ impurity are included. Many recent studies show that CCU, especially CO₂ conversion to fuels, will play an essential role in mitigating CO₂ emissions, while developed methods and technologies are not yet mature. More research work needs to be conducted to improve the process efficiency via developing catalysts and reducing the cost of producing H₂ that is used as a reactant for fuel synthesis. Moreover, current literature also shows that impurities will affect the process of both CCS and CCU, while the work of studying their influence, especially on CCU, is still scarce. The cost of CCS has been estimated combined with impurities, while studies on cost estimation for CCU are still limited, and the cost, in general, is relatively high with the currently available technologies.

为了实现气候目标，已将CO ₂捕集与封存（CCS）和CO ₂捕集与利用（CCU）视为减少CO ₂排放的日益重要的技术，这些技术难以避免。在这项工作中，对CO _2的利用，或更具体地讲，考虑到对CO ₂的大量需求以及CO _2的矿化，对CO _2的利用，或更具体地说，将CO ₂转化为燃料和尿素进行了调查。这篇评论的内容包括从实验室研究到工业应用的所有技术，包括它们的现状和未来潜力。包含CCS是为了比较成本。另外，作为CO的方面_包括2种杂质及其作用以及有关CO ₂杂质的各种要求。最近的许多研究表明，尽管已开发的方法和技术尚未成熟，但CCU（尤其是将CO ₂转化为燃料）将在减少CO ₂排放方面发挥重要作用。需要进行更多的研究工作，以通过开发催化剂并降低生产H ₂的成本来提高工艺效率。用作燃料合成的反应物。此外，当前的文献还表明，杂质将影响CCS和CCU的过程，而研究其影响（尤其是对CCU的影响）的工作仍很匮乏。CCS的成本已结合杂质进行了估算，而CCU成本估算的研究仍然很有限，并且使用当前可用的技术通常成本较高。