Aging is associated with alterations in cognitive processing and brain neurophysiology. Whereas the primary symptom of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is memory problems greater than normal for age and education, patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show impairments in other cognitive domains in addition to memory dysfunction. Resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG) studies in physiological aging indicate a global increase in low-frequency oscillations’ power and the reduction and slowing of alpha activity. The enhancement of slow and the reduction of fast oscillations, and the disruption of brain functional connectivity, however, are characterized as major rsEEG changes in AD. Recent rodent studies also support human evidence of age- and AD-related changes in resting-state brain oscillations, and the neuroprotective effect of brain stimulation techniques through gamma-band stimulations. Cumulatively, current evidence moves toward optimizing rsEEG features as reliable predictors of people with aMCI at risk for conversion to AD and mapping neural alterations subsequent to brain stimulation therapies. The present paper reviews the latest evidence of changes in rsEEG oscillations in physiological aging, aMCI, and AD, as well as findings of various brain stimulation therapies from both human and non-human studies.

衰老与认知处理和脑神经生理学的改变有关。遗忘性轻度认知障碍 (aMCI) 的主要症状是比年龄和教育程度更高的记忆问题，而阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 患者除了记忆功能障碍外，还表现出其他认知领域的障碍。生理衰老中的静息态脑电图 (rsEEG) 研究表明，低频振荡的功率在全球范围内增加，而 alpha 活动的减少和减慢。然而，缓慢振荡的增强和快速振荡的减少以及大脑功能连接的破坏被表征为 AD 中主要的 rsEEG 变化。最近的啮齿动物研究也支持了静息状态大脑振荡中与年龄和 AD 相关的变化的人类证据，以及通过伽马波段刺激的脑刺激技术的神经保护作用。累积起来，当前的证据趋向于优化 rsEEG 特征，将其作为 aMCI 患者有转化为 AD 的风险的可靠预测指标，并在脑刺激治疗后绘制神经改变图。本论文回顾了生理衰老、aMCI 和 AD 中 rsEEG 振荡变化的最新证据，以及人类和非人类研究中各种脑刺激疗法的发现。