In the current era, a widespread threat faced by many countries is global warming and climate change due to excessive carbon emissions from transportation and other types of environmentally hazardous activities. As a result, on the one hand while several countries are not able to utilize their resources fully, on the other hand, they are striving to maintain a clean and green environment for sustainable development. A lot of attention is now being paid by policy makers and national governments to address to the threats of global warming and climate changes. This study makes an empirical investigation of the relationships among corruption, democracy, tourism and environmental degradation, with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions acting as a hazard to environment in selected low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries. Aggregate and disaggregate panel data were used for the period of 1995–2015, employing Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method of panel and Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel Causality Tests. The findings suggest that endemic corruption and tourism are key contributors to CO 2 emissions. The study has also revealed that the impact of CO 2 emissions is more in low-income countries than in high-income countries since findings indicate that democracy proves helpful in high-income countries to reduce CO 2 emissions. The Granger causality test showed bidirectional causality between democracy and tourism variables and between corruption and CO 2 emissions variables. The Granger causality results also reveal a unidirectional causality running from tourism to CO 2 emissions and from tourism to corruption.

中文翻译：

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旅游、腐败、民主和环境退化之间的动态关系：面板数据调查

当今时代，许多国家面临的普遍威胁是全球变暖和气候变化，这是由于交通运输和其他类型对环境有害的活动造成的碳排放过多。因此，一些国家一方面无法充分利用其资源，另一方面正在努力保持清洁和绿色的可持续发展环境。政策制定者和各国政府现在非常关注应对全球变暖和气候变化的威胁。本研究对腐败、民主、旅游业和环境退化之间的关系进行了实证调查，二氧化碳 (CO 2 ) 排放对选定的低、中低、中上和高环境造成危害。收入国家。汇总和分解面板数据用于 1995-2015 年期间，采用面板的完全修改普通最小二乘 (FMOLS) 方法和 Dumitrescu Hurlin 面板因果关系检验。研究结果表明，地方性腐败和旅游业是造成 CO 2 排放的关键因素。该研究还表明，CO 2 排放对低收入国家的影响大于高收入国家，因为调查结果表明，民主证明有助于高收入国家减少 CO 2 排放。Granger 因果关系检验表明民主与旅游变量之间以及腐败与 CO 2 排放变量之间存在双向因果关系。Granger 因果关系结果还揭示了从旅游业到 CO 2 排放以及从旅游业到腐败的单向因果关系。