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Gastrulation and germ layer formation in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and other cnidarians
Mechanisms of Development ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103628
Ulrich Technau 1
Affiliation  

Among the basally branching metazoans, cnidarians display well-defined gastrulation processes leading to a diploblastic body plan, consisting of an endodermal and an ectodermal cell layer. As the outgroup to all Bilateria, cnidarians are an interesting group to investigate ancestral developmental mechanisms. Interestingly, all known gastrulation mechanisms known in Bilateria are already found in different species of Cnidaria. Here I review the morphogenetic processes found in different Cnidaria and focus on the investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, which has been a major model organism among cnidarians for evolutionary developmental biology. Many of the genes involved in germ layer specification and morphogenetic processes in Bilateria are also found active during gastrulation of Nematostella and other cnidarians, suggesting an ancestral role of this process. The molecular analyses indicate a tight link between gastrulation and axis patterning processes by Wnt and FGF signaling. Interestingly, the endodermal layer displays many features of the mesodermal layer in Bilateria, while the pharyngeal ectoderm has an endodermal expression profile. Comparative analyses as well as experimental studies using embryonic aggregates suggest that minor differences in the gene regulatory networks allow the embryo to transition relatively easily from one mode of gastrulation to another.

中文翻译:

海葵 Nematostella vectensis 和其他刺胞动物的原肠形成和胚层形成

在基部分支的后生动物中,刺胞动物表现出明确的原肠形成过程,导致双胚体结构,由内胚层和外胚层细胞层组成。作为所有 Bilateria 的外群,刺胞动物是研究祖先发育机制的有趣群体。有趣的是,已经在不同种类的刺胞动物中发现了双侧藻中已知的所有已知原肠胚形成机制。在这里,我回顾了在不同刺胞动物中发现的形态发生过程,并重点研究海葵 Nematostella vectensis 的细胞和分子机制,海葵 Nematostella vectensis 一直是刺胞动物进化发育生物学的主要模式生物。在双侧线虫的胚层规范和形态发生过程中涉及的许多基因也被发现在线虫和其他刺胞动物的原肠胚形成过程中活跃,表明该过程的祖先作用。分子分析表明,通过 Wnt 和 FGF 信号传导,原肠胚形成和轴模式形成过程之间存在紧密联系。有趣的是,内胚层显示了 Bilateria 中胚层的许多特征,而咽外胚层具有内胚层表达谱。比较分析以及使用胚胎聚集体的实验研究表明,基因调控网络中的微小差异允许胚胎相对容易地从一种原肠胚形成模式过渡到另一种模式。分子分析表明,通过 Wnt 和 FGF 信号传导,原肠胚形成和轴模式形成过程之间存在紧密联系。有趣的是,内胚层显示了 Bilateria 中胚层的许多特征,而咽外胚层具有内胚层表达谱。比较分析以及使用胚胎聚集体的实验研究表明,基因调控网络中的微小差异允许胚胎相对容易地从一种原肠胚形成模式过渡到另一种模式。分子分析表明,通过 Wnt 和 FGF 信号传导,原肠胚形成和轴模式形成过程之间存在紧密联系。有趣的是,内胚层显示了 Bilateria 中胚层的许多特征,而咽外胚层具有内胚层表达谱。比较分析以及使用胚胎聚集体的实验研究表明,基因调控网络中的微小差异允许胚胎相对容易地从一种原肠胚形成模式过渡到另一种模式。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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